Environmentally related taxes are increasingly used in OECD countries, and ample and increasing evidence of their environmental effectiveness is now available. However, there remains a high potential for wider use of these environmental policy instruments, provided that they are well designed and that their potential impact on international competitiveness and income distribution are properly addressed. Based on experience in OECD countries, this book provides a comprehensive discussion of these issues and of recent research on the environmental and economic impacts of applying environmentally related taxes. In particular, it looks at how to overcome obstacles to their implementation. It also discusses the environmental and economic effects of combining such taxes with other instruments for environmetal policy.