Maria Grazia Martino and her contributing authors highlight the different solutions found by European countries with different ecclesiastical law systems, different distributions of Christian denominations and different percentages of Muslim immigrants: Germany, Switzerland, France, Sweden, Italy and Greece. Churches and religious communities are actors from civil society. The state sets the framework for their activities, first and foremost by formal legal acts in ecclesiastical law. Besides this field of law, religion policy has increasingly developed into a policy field of its own. Which incentives and steering tools used by the state cause which kind of behavior, which role in society and which self-understanding among churches and religious communities? This edited volume answers these questions.