This book is about the ecology and population dynamics of a group of cattle and goat herders in the northern Kalahari Desert ofthe Ngamiland district of Botswana. Although the Herero arrived in this region less than a century ago as destitute refugees, these staunchly traditional Bantu speakers have established themselves as a prominent and prosperous tribe in a pocket of the Kalahari previously occupied almost exclusively by Kung-speaking foragers. Their rise to economic prominence in Botswana has been accompanied by dramatic decreases in mortality and increases in fertility, and a resurgence of tribal ethnicity. The demographic data were collected through intense ethnographic interviews of over 700 Herero living north-western Botswana. Studies such as this illustrate the trade-offs between large-scale censuses that traditional demographers are comfortable with and small qualitative studies familiar to anthropologists and sociologists. Statistics from large national or regional studies that blur distinctions among genetically, historically, and economically different groups may not reveal much about the processes that generated them because differences within groups are confounded by differences between groups. For example, Herero mortality rates are low by the national standards of Botswana, yet those of their neighbours the Kung Bushmen are relatively high. Neither the difference between the ethnic groups nor their causes is apparent from the census data alone. The methods of study and the use of traditional Herero names allowed the authors to date with confidence the years of birth of informants and the years of vital events of their family members in a part of the world where this information is generally unknown.