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Part 1Strategies for Reading and Writing
Chapter 1The Connection between Reading and Writing
Reading Analytically
Step One: Preview the Material
Step Two: Read ThoughtfullyDetermine the Author’s Thesis
Consider the Intended Audience and PurposeDistinguish between Facts and Opinions
Make InferencesMake Connections
Assess the Quality of MaterialDraw Conclusions
Marking the TextStep Three: Review and Write for Retention
A Sample Marked TextJohn Holt “School Is Bad for Children”
Writing in Response to Reading
Writing a Summary
Evaluating an Author’s IdeasSharing Personal Reactions and Associations
Essays for Reading and Response
Amy Tan“Democracy”
Albert Rosenfeld “Animal Rights versus Human HealthAnalyzing Visual Content
Determine the Image’s Topic
Identify the Audience and PurposeIdentify and Evaluate the Components of the Image
Notice InferenceConsider the Text Accompanies the Image
Assess the Quality of the ImageChapter 2Getting Started
The Writing Process
Six Areas of the Writing ProcessChoosing a Writing Topic
Pay Attention to the World around You
FreewriteFill in the Blanks
Narrow a Broad Topic
Freewrite
Write a ListConsider the Patterns of Development
Map Your Broad TopicAnthony’s Essay in Progress: Discovering a Writing Topic
Establishing Your PurposeIdentifying and Assessing Your Audience
Anthony’s Essay in Progress: Establishing Purpose and Identifying and Assessing AudienceDiscovering Ideas to Develop Your Topic
Freewrite
Write a ListAnswer Questions
Write a LetterInvestigate Sources
Keep a JournalComputer Tips for Prewriting
Process Guidelines: Breaking Through Writer’s BlockDeveloping a Preliminary Thesis
The Qualities of an Effective Thesis
Process Guidelines: How to Draft a Preliminary Thesis
Process Guidelines: The Sequence of Your Writing ProcessAnthony’s Essay in Progress: Discovering Ideas and Developinga Preliminary Thesis
Writing AssignmentChapter 3Organizing and Drafting
Process Guidelines: Evaluating Your Ideas
Ordering IdeasChronological Order
Spatial OrderProgressive Order
OutliningThe Formal Outline
Outline CardsThe Outline Worksheet
The Outline TreeThe Scratch Outline
Process Guidelines: Outlining
Anthony’s Essay in Progress: OutliningWriting the First Draft
Structuring Your Essay
Aaron Palumbo“Portrait of an Achiever”
The Introduction
Process Guidelines: Drafting Introductions
Body Paragraphs
Placement of the Topic SentenceEffective Supporting Details
When to Begin a New ParagraphProcess Guidelines: Drafting Body Paragraphs
The Conclusion
Drafting a TitleComputer Tips for Drafting
Anthony’s Essay in Progress: The First DraftWriting Assignment
Chapter 4Revising for Content and Organization
Process Guidelines: Moving from Writer-Based to Reader-Based Activity
Think like a Critic; Work like an Editor: Revising ContentThink like a Critic; Work like an Editor: Revising Organization
Achieving Coherence
Use Transitions to Achieve CoherenceUse Repetition to Achieve Coherence
Use Transitions and Repetition to Achieve Coherencebetween ParagraphsWorking Collaboratively: Revising with the Help of Reader Response
Process Guidelines: Giving and Receiving Reader ResponseProcess Guidelines: Breaking through Writer’s Block
Computer Tips for RevisingAnthony’s Essay in Progress: Revising the First Draft
Chapter 5Revising for Effective Expression
Think like a Critic; Work like an Editor: Revising Sentences
Use Active Voice
Use Coordination and SubordinationAchieve Sentence Variety
Use Parallel StructureThink like a Critic; Work like an Editor: Revising Diction
Use an Appropriate Level of Diction
Use Words with an Appropriate ConnotationAvoid Colloquial Language
Use Specific DictionUse Simple Diction
Use Gender-Neutral, Inoffensive LanguageEliminate Wordiness
Avoid ClichésProcess Guidelines: Revising Sentences and Words
Computer Tips for Revising Sentences and WordsAnthony’s Essay in Progress: The Final Draft
Part 2Patterns of Development
Chapter 6Description
Why Is Description Important?
Description across the Disciplines and Beyond
Combining Description with Other Patterns
Selecting DetailFocus Your Description with a Dominant Impression
Determine Your Need for Objective and Subjective DescriptionUse Concrete Sensory Detail
Use Similes, Metaphors, and PersonificationConsider Your Purpose and Audience
Be a Responsible Writer
Organizing DescriptionVisualizing a Descriptive Essay
Learning from Other Writers: Student EssaysKaren Greene“A Child’s Room”
* Jerry Silberman“My First Flight”Think Like a Critic; Work Like an Editor: The Student Writer at Work
Learning from Other Writers: Professional EssaysJames Tuite“The Sounds of the City”
Ernesto Galarza“A Mexican House”Combining Patterns: * Suzanne Berne “Where Nothing Says Everything”
Organization Note: Short Paragraphs
Description in a Visual ImageSuggestions for Writing
Process Guidelines for Writing DescriptionChapter 7Narration
Why Is Narration Important?
Narration across the Disciplines and Beyond
Combining Narration with Other Patterns
Selecting DetailAnswer the Journalist’s Questions
Write DialogueDescribe a Person, Place, or Scene
Tell Your Story for a ReasonConsider Your Purpose and Audience
Be a Responsible Writer
Organizing NarrationVisualizing a Narrative Essay
Learning from Other Writers: Student EssaysDonald J. Monaco“The Ball Game”
* Brian DeWolf “The Great Buffalo Hunt”Think Like a Critic; Work Like an Editor: The Student Writer at Work
Learning from Other Writers: Professional EssaysPaul Hemphill“The Girl in Gift Wrap”
Maya Angelou“The Boys”Combining Patterns: D. L. Birchfield, “Roads to Nowhere”
Punctuation Note: Parentheses
Narration in a Visual ImageSuggestions for Writing
Process Guidelines for Writing NarrationChapter 8Exemplification
Why Is Exemplification Important?
Exemplification across the Disciplines and Beyond
Combining Exemplification with Other Patterns
Selecting DetailConsider Examples from a Variety of Sources
Use Description and Narration as ExamplesUse Hypothetical Examples
Use the Right Number of ExamplesConsider Your Purpose and Audience
Be a Responsible Writer
Organizing ExemplificationVisualizing an Exemplification Essay
Learning from Other Writers: Student Essays* Delilah Rawlins“Ocean of Tears”
* Ken Hamner “Let’s Just Ban Everything”Student Essay with Research
Student Essay with Research: * Thomas Baird “Media Stereotyping of Muslims as Terrorists”
Think Like a Critic; Work Like an Editor: The Student Writer at Work
Learning from Other Writers: Professional EssaysHarold Krents“Darkness at Noon”
* Dawn Turner Trice“Shoddy Service”Combining Patterns: Judith Otis Cofer “The Myth of the Latin Woman: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria”
Style Note: Sarcasm
Exemplification in a Visual ImageSuggestions for Writing
Process Guidelines for Writing ExemplificationChapter 9Process Analysis
Why Is Process Analysis Important?
Process Analysis across the Disciplines and Beyond
Combining Process Analysis with Other Patterns
Selecting DetailInclude All the Important Steps
Explain How a Step is PerformedExplain the Significance of a Step or Why It Is Performed
Explain Trouble Spots and What Not to DoMention Necessary Items and Define Unfamiliar Terms
Include Examples and DescriptionUse Visuals
Consider Your Purpose and AudienceBe a Responsible Writer
Organizing a Process AnalysisVisualizing a Process Analysis Essay
Learning from Other Writers: Student EssaysLucas Smith “Horse Sense”
* Anonymous “A Visit to Candyland”Think Like a Critic; Work Like an Editor: The Student Writer at Work
Learning from Other Writers: Professional EssaysKirby W. Stanat“How to Take a Job Interview”
* Diane Ackerman“Why Leaves Turn Color in the Fall”Combining Patterns: * Eric L. Wee “Annie Smith Swept Here”
Development Note: Hypothetical Situations
Process Analysis in a Visual ImageSuggestions for Writing
Process Guidelines for Writing Process AnalysisChapter 10Comparison-Contrast
Why Is Comparison-Contrast Important?
Comparison-Contrast across the Disciplines and Beyond
Combining Comparison-Contrast with Other Patterns
Selecting DetailInclude Enough Points of Comparison and Contrast
Draw on Other Patterns to Explain Points of Comparison and ContrastMaintain Balance between the Points Discussed
Consider Your Audience and PurposeBe a Responsible Writer
Organizing Comparison-ContrastVisualizing a Comparison-Contrast Essay
Learning from Other Writers: Student EssaysGus Spirtos “The Human and the Superhuman: Two VeryDifferent Heroes”
Maria Scarsella “Like Mother like Daughter”Think Like a Critic; Work Like an Editor: The Student Writer at Work
Learning from Other Writers: Professional EssaysRachel Carson“A Fable for Tomorrow”
* Suzanne Britt“That Lean and Hungry Look”Combining Patterns: * Patria P. Ramos“What It Means to Be a Filipino”
Development Note: Dialogue
Comparison-Contrast in a Visual ImageSuggestions for Writing
Process Guidelines for Writing Comparison-ContrastChapter 11Cause-and-Effect Analysis
Why Is Cause-and-Effect Analysis Important?
Cause-and-Effect Analysis across the Disciplines and Beyond
Combining Cause-and-Effect Analysis with Other Patterns
Selecting DetailReport Multiple Causes and Effects
Identify Underlying Causes and EffectsProve That Something Is a Cause or Effect
Identify Immediate and Remote CausesReproduce Causal Chains
Explain Why Something Is or Is Not a Cause or an EffectConsider Your Audience and Purpose
Be a Responsible Writer
Organizing Cause-and-Effect AnalysisVisualizing a Cause-and-Effect Analysis
Learning from Other Writers: Student EssaysBrigitt Ryan “Gender-Specific Cigarette Advertising”
John Selzer “Athletes on Drugs: It’s Not So Hard to Understand”Think Like a Critic; Work Like an Editor: The Student Writer at Work
Learning from Other Writers: Professional EssaysAnne Roiphe“Why Marriages Fail”
* Suzanne Sievert“It’s Not Just How We Play That Matters”Combining Patterns: * David France with Franco Ordonez “$75 Million of Stuff”
Diction Note: Specific Diction
Cause-and-Effect Analysis in a Visual ImageSuggestions for Writing
Process Guidelines for Writing Cause-and-Effect AnalysisChapter 12Definition
Why Is Definition Important?
Definition across the Disciplines and Beyond
Combining Definition with Other Patterns
Selecting DetailWrite a Stipulative Definition
Draw on Other Patterns of DevelopmentCompare or Contrast the Term with Related Words
Explain What Your Term Is NotConsider Your Audience and Purpose
Be a Responsible Writer
Organizing DefinitionVisualizing a Definition Essay
Learning from Other Writers: Student EssaysMaria Vilar “Parenthood: Don’t Count on Sleeping until They Move Out”
Melissa Greco “What Is Writer’s Block”Think Like a Critic; Work Like an Editor: The Student Writer at Work
Learning from Other Writers: Professional EssaysLaurie Lee“Appetite”
* Margo Kaufman“My Way!”Combining Patterns: * Dave Barry “The Pajama Game”
Development Note: Questions
Definition in a Visual ImageSuggestions for Writing
Process Guidelines for Writing DefinitionChapter 13Classification and Division
Why Are Classification and Division Important?
Definition across the Disciplines and Beyond
Combining Classification and Division with Other Patterns
Selecting DetailHave a Principle of Classification or Division
Be Sure All Categories or Components Conform to Your Principle of Classification or DivisionUse Mutually Exclusive Categories
Explain Each Category or ComponentConsider Your Audience and Purpose
Be a Responsible Writer
Organizing Classification and DivisionVisualizing a Classification and Division Essay
Learning from Other Writers: Student EssaysAnita Selfe “Grocery Shoppers”
Ray Harkleroad “Horror Movies”Think Like a Critic; Work Like an Editor: The Student Writer at Work
Learning from Other Writers: Professional EssaysRussell Baker“The Plot against People”
Judith Viorst “The Truth about Lying”* David Bodanis “What’s in Your Toothpaste?"
Combining Patterns: Martin Luther King, Jr. “The Ways of Meeting Oppression”Punctuation Note: The Dash
Division in a Visual ImageSuggestions for Writing
Process Guidelines for Writing Classification and DivisionPart ThreeUsing the Patterns of Development
Chapter 14 Argumentation
Why Is Argumentation Important?
Argumentation across the Disciplines and Beyond
Finding an Issue and Establishing Your Claim
Consider Your Audience and Purpose
Kinds of Support
Sources of Reasons and Evidence
Inductive and Deductive ReasoningAvoiding Logical Fallacies
Emotional AppealsEthical Appeals: Raising and Countering ObjectionsCreating Goodwill
Using the Patterns of DevelopmentBe a Responsible Writer
Organizing an Argument EssayVisualizing an Argument Essay
Learning from Other Writers: Student EssaysMichael Weiss “It’s Just Too Easy”
LaDonna Ireland “The Old Ball Game”Student Essay with Research: * Mary E. Fischer“Should Obscene Art Be Funded by the Government?”
Think Like a Critic; Work Like an Editor: The Student Writer at Work
Learning from Other Writers: Professional EssaysRonnie Gunnerson“Parents Also Have Rights”
Wayne M. Joseph“Why I Dread Black History Month”* Charles R. Eisendrath “So Shoot Me, I’m a Hunter”
Style Note: Emphasis
Argumentation in a Visual ImageSuggestions for Writing
Process Guidelines for Writing ArgumentationChapter 15 Writing with Sources
When to Research
The Research ProcessOutline
Write Your First DraftDocument Source Material
Using MLA Documentation
Using APA DocumentationLearning from Other Writers: A Student Research Paper
Julie Cooper, “Genetically Modified Food: Watching What We Eat”
Chapter 16 Assembling a Writing PortfolioThe Purposes of a Writing Portfolio
What to Include in a Self-Reflection EssayChapter 17Writing about Literature
How to Write about Literature
Learning from Other Writers: A Student Essay* Martin Espada “Coca Cola and Coca Frio”
* Michael Hambuchen “Symbol and Theme in ‘Coca Cola and Coca Frio’"* Saki (H. H. Munro) “The Open Window”
* John Heaviside “A Gathering of Deafs”Part Four. A Guide to Frequently Occurring Errors
Chapter 18 Word Choice
Troublesome Phrases
Phrasings That Announce Your IntentDouble Negatives
Frequently Confused WordsChapter 19 Sentence Fragments
Finding Sentence Fragments
Correcting Sentence FragmentsESL Note: The Past Participle and Passive Voice
Chapter 20 Run-On Sentences and Comma Splices
Finding Run-on Sentences and Comma Splices
Correcting Run-on Sentences and Comma SplicesESL Note: Commas and Main Clauses
Chapter 21Verbs
Verb Forms: Regular and Irregular Verbs
ESL Note: Incorrect Use of –d and –ed EndingsSubject-Verb Agreement
ESL Note: Singular Verbs and Noncount NounsTense Shifts
Voice ShiftsChapter 22 Pronouns
Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement
Pronoun ReferenceReflexive and Intensive Pronouns
Pronoun CaseESL Note: Pronoun Reference and Who, Whom, Which, or That
Chapter 23 Modifiers
Adjectives and Adverbs
ESL Note: A, An, and TheDangling Modifiers
Misplaced ModifiersChapter 24 Punctuation
The Comma
The SemicolonThe Colon
The DashParentheses
The ApostropheESL Note: Its and It’s
Quotation MarksThe Ellipsis Mark
BracketsThe Hyphen
Chapter 25Mechanics
Capitalization
ESL Note: CapitalizationUnderlining and Italics
Abbreviations and NumbersSpelling
ESL Note: SpellingAppendix: The Parts of Speech
