The Fourth Edition of this preeminent work updates the author's detailed commentary on TRIPS provisions relating to patent protection. It articulates with unmatched clarity the speci c steps that a government must take, in a wide variety of possible contexts, to ensure that its patent-related obligations under TRIPS are met. The presentation is arranged in an article-by-article format, following the TRIPS Agreement itself as it relates to patents. In this way, the author's incisive analysis covers every issue arising in patent administrative and legal practice, including the following: