The Violence of Hate

Jack Levin is Professor Emeritus of Sociology and Criminology and codirector of the Brudnick Center on Violence and Conflict at Northeastern University. He has published more than 30 books and numerous journal articles and newspaper columns, primarily in the areas of hate crimes, sociology of prejudice, school violence, and multiple homicide. Levin was honored by the Massachusetts Council for the Advancement and Support of Education as its ¿Professor of the Year.¿ He recently received an award from the American Sociological Association for his contributions to the public understanding of sociology and also was the recipient of the Apple Award from the New England Sociological Association and the Lester Ward Award from the Association of Applied and Clinical Sociology. In 2013, he received a Lifetime Achievement Award for his research in criminology from the Society for the Study of Social Problems. Jim Nolan is a professor in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at West Virginia University where he teaches courses on the topic of crime and social control. His research currently focuses on urban policing, intergroup relations and hate crimes, and the measurement of crime. He has been the recipient of research funding from several U.S. Department of Justice agencies and the National Science Foundation. Dr. Nolan is currently serving on a National Academy of Sciences panel on modernizing the nation¿s crime statistics. His research publications have appeared in the American Behavioral Scientist, Journal of Quantitative Criminology, Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Policing & Society, Criminal Justice Studies, Homicide Studies, Journal of Criminal Justice, and The American Sociologist. Dr. Nolan was the 2010 recipient of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and Council for Advancement and Support of Education (CASE) West Virginia Professor of the Year.

1. Perspectives on Hate and Violence Hate, Prejudice, and Discrimination Transforming the Terms Prejudice versus Discrimination The Role of the Individual Justifying Hate Violence The Influence of Significant Others From Individual to Institutional Discrimination Constructing Group Identity Who Controls an Individual¿s Group Identity? Changing Group Identity The Privilege of White Identity When Stereotypes Turn Nasty Is Hate on the Decline? Underestimating Bigotry Unconscious Bias The Difference Between Small and Insignificant Hate Crimes are Vastly Under-Reported It Takes Only a Few Bad Apples Conclusion 2. Explaining the Violence of Hate Environment, Heredity, and the Power of the Situation The Environmental View¿Blaming the Victim The Hereditary View¿Blaming the Victim A Situationist View of Hate Violence Threatening Situations Can Inspire Hate Hate Crimes Against Muslims Hate Crimes Against Immigrants The New Anti-Semitism A Continuing Racial Gap The Obama Factor Bashing Gays and Lesbians Hate Crimes Against Women Conclusion 3. Hate Crimes Motive Matters The Hate Crime Statistics Act The FBI¿s Uniform Crime Reporting Program NIBRS Hate Crime Data Why Now? Pros and Cons of Hate Crime Laws Hate Crime Laws Today Federal Civil Rights Statutes The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act State Hate Crime Statutes Hate Crime Laws and the U.S. Constitution Policing Hatred When the Police Are Viewed as Perpetrators of Hate Violence When the Police Are Viewed as Victims of Hate Violence Explaining Bias in Policing Bourdieüs Theory of Practice: A Sociological Perspective on Police Violence The Traffic Enforcement Analogy: A Sociological Explanation Policing Hate Crimes Seeing Hate Crimes Intension and Extension of the Term ¿Hate Crime¿ Classification of Hate Crime Incidents Why Is This Distinction Important? Hate Crimes in Europe The Roma in Europe Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Violence Conclusion 4. A Typology of Hate Hatemongers The Role of Organized Hate Hate from a Distance Biblical Bigotry The Militia Movement and White Supremacy Expanding the Influence of Organized Hate Mass Murder in the Name of Hate Dabblers Getting a Thrill Being Defensive Getting Even Sympathizers Behind Closed Doors An Eliminationist Anti-Semitism Cultural Hate Culture Transcends Generations Spectators The Failure to Act Middleman Minorities Middleman Minorities in the United States The American Version of Spectatorship Conclusion 5. The Benefits of Bigotry Protest by Proxy Psychological Advantages Enhancing and Protecting Self-Esteem Reducing Uncertainty Economic and Status Advantages Getting the Dirty Work Done Eliminating Opponents Maintaining Political Power Conclusion 6. The Production of Rebels, Deviants, and Other Decent People The Power of the Situation When Normal People Do Abnormally Nasty Things Fighting Spectatorship Intergroup Contact The Impact of Competition Reducing Hostility Between Groups Structuring Opportunities for Cooperation Follow the Leader Obeying Orders The Role of Leadership The Impact of Deviance When Rebels Rebel The Importance of Empathy Across Groups Human Agency: The Ability to Create ¿Good¿ Situations The Agentic Perspective Collective Efficacy in Neighborhoods Neighborhood Agency and Collective Efficacy Conclusion Appendix A. Anti-Hate Websites Appendix B. Division E¿Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act

This is a core textbook for a violence and society course taught in a variety of departments; it can also be used as a supplemental textbook in a social problems course.