The Wrist: Anatomical and Pathophysiological Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment

History.- The Carpus.- The Concept of Stability.- The Radius and the Radio-carpal Joint.- References.- I Anatomical Approach.- A. Bony Anatomy.- B. Ligamentous Anatomy.- C. Kinematics.- D. Functional Ligamentous Anatomy.- E. The Concepts of Stability.- II Diagnosis of Osteo-ligamentous Lesions of the Carpus.- A. Physical Examination.- B. Radiology.- III Hyperextension Injuries of the Wrist: Pathomechanics, Clinical Approach.- A. Pathomechanics.- B. Clinical Aspects.- IV Fractures of the Distal Radius.- A. The Specific Problem.- B. Morphology and Classification of Fractures of the Distal Radius in Relation to the Quality of the Bone: Therapeutic Implications.- C. The Possibilities of Treatment.- V Operative Techniques and Indications.- A. The Avascular Osteonecroses.- B. Pseudarthrosis of the Scaphoid.- C. Recent Fractures of the Scaphoid.- D. Perilunate Dislocations, With or Without Fracture.- E. Operative Technique for Opening the Carpal Tunnel.- F. Partial Arthrodeses of the Wrist, Arthroplasties and Ligamentous Reconstructions.- G. Arthrodeses of the Wrist.- H. Fractures of the Radius.- I. Malunion of the Radius.- K. Madelung’s Deformity.- Epilogue.