Physics is the fundamental branch of science that developed out of the study of nature and philosophy known, until around the end of the 19th century, as "natural philosophy." Today, physics is ultimately defined as the study of matter, energy and the relationships between them. Physics is, in some senses, the oldest and most basic pure science; its discoveries find applications throughout the natural sciences, since matter and energy are the basic constituents of the natural world. The other sciences are generally more limited in their scope and may be considered branches that have split off from physics to become sciences in their own right. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and modern physics. Elements of what became physics were drawn primarily from the fields of astronomy, optics, and mechanics, which were methodologically united through the study of geometry. These mathematical disciplines began in antiquity with the Babylonians and with Hellenistic writers such as Archimedes and Ptolemy. Ancient philosophy, meanwhile - including what was called "physics" - focused on explaining nature through ideas such as Aristotle's four types of "cause." Advances in the knowledge of the laws of nature consisting either of experimental discoveries or theoretical proposals that were confirmed experimentally. This book outlines the discoveries made in the following fields of physics. Nature timeline (Formation of The Universe) Timeline of fundamental physics discoveries Timeline of classical mechanics Timeline of electromagnetism and classical optics Timeline of electromagnetic theory Timeline of thermodynamics Timeline of states of matter and phase transitions Timeline of gravitational physics and relativity Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics Timeline of particle physics Timeline of particle discoveries Timeline of nuclear fusion Timeline of theoretical physics Timeline of computational physics Timeline of cosmological theories Timeline of black hole physics Timeline of heat engine technology Timeline of particle physics technology Timeline of physical chemistry Timeline of quantum mechanics Timeline of quantum computing This book is designed to be a state of the art, superb academic reference work and provide an overview of the topic and give the reader a structured knowledge to familiarize yourself with the topic at the most affordable price possible. The accuracy and knowledge is of an international viewpoint as the edited articles represent the inputs of many knowledgeable individuals and some of the most current knowledge on the topic, based on the date of publication."