In 2001, the Supreme Court decided the issue. In Alexander v. Sandoval, 532 U.S. 275 (2001), the Court held that there is no private right of action to enforce Title VI disparate impact regulations; that only the funding agency issuing the disparate impact regulation has the authority to challenge a recipient's actions under this theory of discrimination. The Court held that although Congress clearly intended to create a private cause of action to enforce section 601 of Title VI, id. at 279-280, 283, the question before the Court was whether Congress had also intended these particular regulations to be privately enforced.