This book addresses the conflict between climate change, other environmental concerns (such as biodiversity), and international trade. It focuses on the relationship between climate change mitigation and biodiversity protection in the bioenergy sector, taking into account the specific situation for imports from developing countries. The focal point is the sustainability criteria enacted by Directive 2009/28/EC (the so-called Renewable Energy Directive - RED). Part I of the book describes the regulatory challenges of the use of bioenergy, considering the conflict between bioenergy and environmental and trade interests, as well as other environmental concerns, and it introduces the sustainability criteria. Part II assesses the substance of the Renewable Energy Directive's sustainability criteria for biofuels and bioliquids, and suggests possible reforms. It details how the substance of the criteria is intended to address the conflict between climate change mitigation and other environmental concerns, addressing the scope of application, the requirements on the climate balance, and the exclusion of certain areas from cultivation. Part III examines the compliance control mechanisms employed to ensure that the substantial criteria (described in Part II) are observed. Part IV explores the compliance of the sustainability criteria with higher-ranking law - specifically, European law and international trade law - which form the framework under which the sustainability criteria have been enacted, providing both minimum standards and ceilings for the drafting of the criteria. Moreover, it places the sustainability criteria in the context of international environmental and energy law, and assesses compliance in this respect. Part V summarizes the results and provides an outlook on future bioenergy policy. *** The dissertation upon which this book is based has been awarded with three important German academic prizes: the Dissertationspreis 2013 der Gesellschaft fur Umweltrecht (German Association of Environmental Law), the Dissertationspreis 2013 of Bremen University, and the Dissertationspreis 2013 of the Bremen Law Faculty. Subject: EU Law, Energy Law, Environmental Law]