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Transportation Electrification – Breakthroughs in Electrified Vehicles, Aircraft, Rolling Stock, Watercraft de AA Mohamed

Transportation Electrification – Breakthroughs in Electrified Vehicles, Aircraft, Rolling Stock, Watercraft: IEEE Press Series on Power and Energy Systems

Autor AA Mohamed
en Limba Engleză Hardback – 2 ian 2023
Dive deep into the latest breakthroughs in electrified modes of transport
In Transportation Electrification, an accomplished team of researchers and industry experts delivers a unique synthesis of detailed analyses of recent breakthroughs in several modes of electric transportation and a holistic overview of how those advances can or cannot be applied to other modes of transportation. The editors include resources that examine electric aircraft, rolling stock, watercraft, and vehicle transportation types and comparatively determine their stages of development, distinctive and common barriers to advancement, challenges, gaps in technology, and possible solutions to developmental problems.
This book offers readers a breadth of foundational knowledge combined with a deep understanding of the issues afflicting each mode of transportation. It acts as a roadmap and policy framework for transportation companies to guide the electrification of transportation vessels.
Readers will benefit from an overview of key standards and regulations in the electrified transportation industry, as well as:
  • A thorough introduction to the various modes of electric transportation, including recent advances in each mode, and the technological and policy challenges posed by them
  • An exploration of different vehicle systems, including recent advanced in hybrid and EV powertrain architectures and advanced energy management strategies
  • Discussions of electrified aircraft, including advanced technologies and architecture optimizations for cargo air vehicle, passenger air vehicles, and heavy lift vertical take-off and landing craft
  • In-depth examinations of rolling stock and watercraft-type vehicles, including various system architectures and energy storage systems relevant to each
Perfect for practicing professionals in the electric transport industry, Transportation Electrification is also a must-read resource for standardization body members, regulators, officials, policy makers, and undergraduate students in electrical and electronics engineering.
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Specificații

ISBN-13: 9781119812326
ISBN-10: 1119812321
Pagini: 560
Dimensiuni: 178 x 254 x 33 mm
Greutate: 1.18 kg
Editura: Wiley
Seria IEEE Press Series on Power and Energy Systems

Locul publicării:Hoboken, United States

Cuprins

About the Editors xvii List of Contributors xix Introduction xxiii 1 Electrical Machines for Traction and Propulsion Applications 1 Ayman M. EL-Refaie 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Light-Duty Vehicles 1 1.3 Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles 7 1.4 Off-Highway Vehicles 9 1.5 Locomotives 9 1.6 Ship Propulsion 10 1.7 High Specific Torque/Power Electrical Machines 13 1.7.1 Electrical Machines for Land Vehicles 13 1.7.2 Electrical Machines for Aerospace Applications 15 1.7.3 Key System Tradeoffs and Considerations 21 1.7.3.1 Specific Power vs Efficiency 21 1.7.3.2 Fault Tolerance 21 1.7.3.3 System Voltage 21 1.7.3.4 Machine Controllability 22 1.8 How Does the Future Look Like? 22 References 25 2 Advances and Developments in Batteries and Charging Technologies 27 Satish Chikkannanavar and Gunho Kwak 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Advances in Cathodes/Anodes Covering Energy Density Increase for EV Applications 27 2.2.1 Cathode Challenges for High Energy Density 28 2.2.2 Anode Challenges for High Energy Density 30 2.3 High Power/Energy Cell Designs for xEVs 31 2.4 Post Li-Ion Batteries: Solid-State Batteries 32 2.4.1 Roadmap and Collaborative Relationships 33 2.4.2 Current Development Status and Key Challenges 33 2.5 Advances in Charging Batteries 36 2.5.1 Methods of Fast Charging Batteries 36 2.5.2 Li Plating Effects 37 2.5.3 Overcharge Induced Thermal Runaway 38 2.6 Degradation Considerations 40 2.7 Future Outlook 42 Acronyms 43 References 43 3 Applications of Wide Bandgap (WBG) Devices in the Transportation Sector. Recent Advances in (WBG) Semiconductor Material (e.g. Silicon Carbide and Gallium Nitride) and Circuit Topologies 47 Amir Ranjbar 3.1 History of Semiconductor Technology Evolution 47 3.2 Semiconductor Technologies for Transportation Electrification 49 3.2.1 Trends in Transportation Electrification 49 3.3 Challenges Associated with GaNs in Practical Applications 53 3.3.1 Device Physics Level Challenges with GaNs 53 3.3.1.1 Electron Trapping 53 3.3.1.2 Gate Edge Degradation 54 3.3.1.3 Punch Through Current 54 3.3.1.4 Substrate Choice 54 3.3.2 Application Level Challenges with GaNs 55 3.3.2.1 GaN's Narrow Gate Voltage Margin 55 3.3.2.2 dv/dt Immunity and False Turn-On in GaN Devices 57 3.3.2.3 di/dt Immunity in GaNs 57 3.4 SiC-MOSFET Challenges in Transportation Electrification 58 3.4.1 Low Gain of SiC-MOSFETs 58 3.4.2 Fault Detection in SiC-MOSFETs 59 3.4.3 Driving SiC-MOSFETs 60 3.4.4 Maximum Gate Voltage Swing in SiC-MOSFETs 60 3.4.5 Layout Considerations 61 3.5 Advanced Power Module Packaging to Accommodate WBG Devices 61 3.5.1 Advanced Substrate Materials 63 3.5.2 Advanced Die Attach Methods 64 3.5.3 Interconnection 64 3.5.4 Advanced Encapsulation Materials 67 3.5.5 Advanced Cooling Methods 68 3.6 Summary 69 References 70 4 An Overview of Inductive Power Transfer Technology for Static and Dynamic EV Battery Charging 73 Ahmed A. S. Mohamed, Ahmed A. Shaier, and Hamid Metwally 4.1 Introduction 73 4.2 IPT System Components 74 4.3 Static IPT System 75 4.3.1 Coupler Components 76 4.3.2 Structures of Inductive Pad 78 4.3.3 Research and Development (R&D) and Standardization Activities 79 4.4 Dynamic IPT System 83 4.4.1 DIPT with a Single Long Coil Track 84 4.4.2 DIPT with Segmented Coil Array 86 4.4.3 R&D and Standardization Activities 90 4.4.3.1 Historical Background 90 4.4.3.2 R&D on DIPT 91 4.5 Quasi-Dynamic IPT System 94 4.6 Technology Challenges and Opportunities 94 4.7 Conclusion 95 References 95 5 Effectiveness Analysis of Control Strategies in Acoustic Noise and Vibration Reduction of PMSM-Driven Coupled System for EV and HEV Applications 105 Rishi Kant Thakur, Rajesh Manjibhai Pindoriya, Rajeev Kumar, and Bharat Singh Rajpurohit 5.1 Chapter Organization 105 5.2 Origin of ANV and its Consequences in the PMSM-Based Coupled System 105 5.2.1 Mechanical Noise 106 5.2.2 Electromagnetic Noise 106 5.2.3 Aerodynamic Sources 108 5.3 Recent Trends of Control Strategies for ANV Reduction 108 5.3.1 Control Aspects at the Site of Vibration (Mechanical) 108 5.3.2 Control Aspects at the Source of Vibration (Electrical) 109 5.4 Detailing of PMSM-Driven Experimental Setup 111 5.5 Methodology of Various Control Strategies and Their Implementation for ANV Reduction 113 5.5.1 Pseudorandom Triangular Pulse Width Modulation Technique (PTPWM) 113 5.5.2 Random Pulse Position Pulse Width Modulation Technique (RPPM) 114 5.6 Analysis of Torsional Vibration Response at Resonance 116 5.7 Implementation of MPF Accuracy Enhancement Technique in Lumped Model for Number of Modes or DoF Selection 118 5.7.1 Mathematical Modeling of Torsional Vibration Equation for All Lumped Elements 118 5.7.2 Calculation of Parameters Required in Resonance Response of Torsional Vibration 120 5.7.3 Natural Frequency, Mode Shape, and Orthonormalization of Modes 120 5.7.4 Calculation of Computationally Optimum Number of Lumped Elements 123 5.7.4.1 Calculation of Coefficient Vector {L} 123 5.7.4.2 Calculation of Model Participation Factor (MPF) 123 5.7.4.3 Calculation of Effective Mass 123 5.8 Extended Mathematical Modeling for the Effectiveness of Control Strategies Over Torsional Vibration Reduction 125 5.8.1 Calculation of Generalized Damping Matrix ([Cg]) 126 5.8.2 Calculation of Generalized Torque Corresponding to Each Control Strategy 127 5.9 Results and Discussion 128 5.9.1 Validation of Torsional Vibration Response at Resonance 128 5.9.2 Analysis of Dynamic Response Corresponding to Various Control Strategies 128 5.9.3 Simulation Results of SPWM, RPPM, and PTPWM Techniques for PMSM Drive 128 5.9.4 Experimental Results of SPWM, RPPM, and PTPWM Techniques for PMSM Drive 131 5.10 Conclusions and Future Scope 136 References 136 6 Challenges and Applications of Blockchain Technology in Electric Road Vehicles 139 Nabeel Mehdi 6.1 Mobility and Electric Vehicles 139 6.2 Electric Vehicle Overview 140 6.3 Challenges of the Electric Vehicle Industry 141 6.3.1 Range Anxiety 141 6.3.2 Lengthy Charging Times 142 6.3.3 Battery Safety Concerns 142 6.3.4 Lack of Standardization 143 6.3.5 Electricity Grid Disruption 144 6.3.6 Battery Waste 146 6.3.7 Cyber-Security Hazard 146 6.4 Applications of Blockchain Technology 146 6.4.1 Energy Blockchain Ledger 148 6.4.2 Blockchain-Powered Billing in E-mobility Systems 148 6.4.3 Charging-as-a-Service (CaaS) Ecosystem 150 6.4.4 Electric Vehicle Battery Management with Blockchain 151 6.4.5 Vehicle to Grid (V2G) 151 6.4.6 Blockchain-Enabled Security in Electric Vehicles Computing 152 6.4.7 Privacy-Preserving Blockchain-Based EV Charging 153 6.4.8 Battery Analytics 153 6.4.9 Supply-Chain Traceability and Provenance 154 6.5 Vehicle Insurance Management 155 6.5.1 Electric Vehicle Crypto Mining 155 6.6 Summary 156 References 157 7 Starter/Generator Systems and Solid-State Power Controllers 159 Tao Yang, Xiaoyu Lang, and Zhen Huang 7.1 Background 159 7.2 Future Design Options 160 7.3 The Starters/Generators and Their Power Electronics Control 162 7.4 System Analysis and Control Design 163 7.4.1 Current Control Design 164 7.4.2 Field-Weakening Control Design 167 7.4.3 Analysis and Control Design of the DC Voltage Loop 170 7.4.4 DC Bus Voltage Control: The Control Plant 170 7.4.5 DC Bus Voltage Control Design 172 7.4.6 Simulation Results of the Single-Bus Power-Generation Center 176 7.4.7 Appendix 178 7.5 The Solid-State Power Controllers and the Protection Features 180 7.5.1 Background of Solid-State Power Controllers 180 7.5.2 Design of Solid-State Power Controllers 181 7.5.3 Protection of Solid-State Power Controllers 182 References 186 8 DC-DC Converter and On-board DC Microgrid Stability 189 Giampaolo Buticchi and Jiajun Yang 8.1 Introduction 189 8.2 The Dual Active Bridge Converter 189 8.3 The LLC Series-Resonant Converter 192 8.4 Constant Power Load 194 8.5 Stability Criteria 194 8.6 Impedance Modeling and Stability Analysis 196 8.6.1 Impedance Model of PMSG 196 8.6.2 Controller Design 197 8.6.3 Impedance Model of DAB Converter 199 8.6.4 Impedance-Based Stability Analysis 201 8.6.5 Specifications 202 8.6.6 Impedance Model Validation 203 8.6.7 System Instability 204 8.6.8 Proposed Control Techniques for Stabilization 204 8.7 Conclusion 206 References 206 9 Packed U-Cell Inverter and Its Variants with Fault Tolerant Capabilities for More Electric Aircraft 209 Haroon Rehman, Mohd Tariq, Hasan Iqbal, Arif I. Sarwat, and Adil Sarwar 9.1 Introduction 209 9.2 Power System Architecture in MEA 210 9.3 Power Converters in MEA 212 9.4 PUC Topologies and Control 215 9.5 Fault Tolerant Capability of PUC Inverter 218 9.6 Results and Discussion 220 9.7 Conclusions 225 Acknowledgments 225 References 226 10 Standards and Regulations Pertaining to Aircraft 231 Lujia Chen, Prem Ranjan, Qinghua Han, Abir Alabani, and Ian Cotton 10.1 Introduction 231 10.2 Power Generation 232 10.2.1 Characteristics of Aircraft Electrical Systems 232 10.2.2 Electrical Machines 233 10.2.3 Power Conversion 234 10.2.4 Batteries 235 10.2.5 Challenges for Higher Voltage Aerospace Systems 236 10.3 Cable 236 10.3.1 Cable Component and Type 236 10.3.2 Digital Data and Signal Transmission 237 10.3.3 Cable Identification Marking 237 10.3.4 Cable Test Specifications 238 10.4 Connectors and Contacts 238 10.4.1 Classification 238 10.4.2 Connectors 239 10.4.3 Contacts 239 10.4.4 Testing of Tools, Contacts, and Connectors 239 10.5 Switching Device 240 10.5.1 Circuit Breaker Classification 240 10.5.2 Design of Circuit Breakers 240 10.5.2.1 Low-Current Range 240 10.5.2.2 High-Current Range 241 10.5.2.3 Arc Fault Circuit Breaker (AFCB) 241 10.5.3 Circuit Breaker Testing Specifications 241 10.6 Material 242 10.6.1 Metallic Materials 242 10.6.2 Non-metallic Material 243 References 243 11 Overview of Rolling Stock 249 Deepak Ronanki 11.1 Introduction 249 11.2 Rolling Stock Architectures 250 11.2.1 Railway Traction Power Systems 250 11.2.2 Classification of Rolling Stock 250 11.2.2.1 Light Rail Vehicle (LRV) 252 11.2.2.2 Heavy Rail-Diesel Locomotive 252 11.2.2.3 Heavy Rail-Electric Locomotive 253 11.2.2.4 Electric Multiple Units [EMUs] (AC or DC) 254 11.3 Sub-Systems and Components of Rolling Stock Architectures 256 11.3.1 Electric Propulsion Systems 256 11.3.2 Power Converter Systems and its Components 256 11.3.3 Auxiliary Power Systems 258 11.3.4 Traction Drive Control 259 11.3.5 Control Hierarchy of Rolling Stock 260 11.3.6 Standards and Regulations 262 11.4 Solid State Transformer (SST) Technology-Based Rolling Stock 262 11.4.1 Two-Stage (AC/HFAC) Power Conversion Topologies 267 11.4.2 Single-Stage (AC/HFAC) Power Conversion Topologies 269 11.4.3 Auxiliary Systems for SSTT Systems 271 11.5 Advancements and Challenges in Modern Rolling Stock 272 11.5.1 Semiconductor Technology and Cooling Systems 272 11.5.2 Advanced Materials for Passive Components 273 11.5.3 Reversible Substations and Off-Board Energy Storage Systems 275 11.5.4 On-Board Energy Storage Systems in Rolling Stock 276 11.6 Concluding Remarks 278 References 278 12 Electromagnetic Compatibility in Railways 283 Sahil Bhagat 12.1 Introduction 283 12.2 The Phenomenon of Electromagnetic Interference 284 12.2.1 The Interference Model 284 12.3 EMC Strategy 286 12.4 Design and Installation 288 12.4.1 Equipment Layout 288 12.4.2 Minimizing the Earth Network Impedance 288 12.4.3 Minimizing the Earth Bond Impedance 289 12.4.4 Grounding of Cable Shields 290 12.4.5 Appropriate Design of Cables Routes 290 12.4.5.1 Minimizing CM Loops 291 12.4.5.2 Minimizing DM Loops 291 12.5 Cable Tray Assembling and Earthing 291 12.5.1 Cable Segregation 291 12.5.2 Cables Classification 292 12.5.3 Separation Distances 292 12.5.4 Filtering 293 12.6 Overvoltage Arrestors 294 12.7 EMC Analysis 294 12.8 EMC Tests 295 References 297 13 Stray Current and Rail Potential Control Strategies in Electric Railway Systems 299 Aydin Zaboli and Behrooz Vahidi 13.1 Introduction 299 13.2 Principle of Stray Current and Corrosion Calculation 300 13.2.1 Mathematical Calculation of Stray Current 300 13.2.2 Corrosion Formulation 300 13.3 Literature Review of Control Strategies 302 13.4 Stray Current Control and Limitation Methods 303 13.4.1 Increase of Rail-to-Earth Resistance 303 13.4.2 Locating TPSs Adjacent to the Points of Maximum Train Acceleration or Adding TPSs 304 13.4.3 Traction Supply Voltage Increase 305 13.4.4 Stray Current Collection Mats 306 13.4.5 Grounding Schemes 310 13.4.5.1 Ungrounded System 310 13.4.5.2 Directly Grounded System 311 13.4.5.3 Diode-Grounded System 312 13.4.5.4 Thyristor-Grounded System 312 13.4.6 Insulating Pad 313 13.4.7 Welding Running Rails 313 13.4.8 4th Rail for Returning Current Path 314 13.4.9 Traction Power Substations Based on DC Auto-Transformer 315 13.4.10 Resistance of the Earth Wire to Reinforcing Bar 316 13.5 Conclusion 319 References 319 14 Earthing, Bonding, and Stray Current 325 Sahil Bhagat 14.1 E&B provisions for Traction Power Supply 326 14.1.1 DC Traction Return System 326 14.1.2 Wayside Earthing and Bonding in DC Traction System 326 14.1.2.1 Rail Potential and Return Circuit 327 14.1.3 Earthing and Bonding in DC Traction Power Substations 328 14.1.3.1 Equipment Frames 328 14.1.3.2 Voltage-Limiting Device (VLD) 328 14.2 AC Traction Return System 329 14.2.1 Wayside Earthing and Bonding in AC Traction 329 14.2.1.1 Rail Potential and Return Circuit 331 14.3 E&B Provisions for Station and Technical Buildings 331 14.3.1 Electrical Safety of Persons 331 14.3.1.1 Direct Contact 331 14.3.1.2 Indirect Contact 332 14.3.1.3 Touch Voltages 332 14.4 Protection 334 14.4.1 Protection Against Thermal Stress 334 14.4.2 Protection Against Overvoltage 334 14.5 Structure Earthing and Bonding System 334 14.6 Earthing and Equipotential Bonding 335 14.6.1 Indoor Equipment 335 14.6.2 Outdoor Equipment 335 14.7 Stray Current 336 14.7.1 Stray Current Corrosion 336 14.7.2 Parameters to Control Stray Current 337 14.7.3 Criteria for Stray Current Assessment 338 14.7.4 Design Provisions to Reduce Stray Current 338 14.7.5 Trackwork 338 14.7.5.1 Maximum Longitudinal Resistance of the Rail 338 14.7.5.2 Insulation Measures 338 14.7.6 Stray Current Collection System (SCCS) 339 14.7.7 Power Supply Design 339 14.7.8 Earthing and Bonding 340 References 340 15 Regenerative Braking Energy in Electric Railway Systems 343 Mahdiyeh Khodaparastan, Ahmed A. Mohamed, and Constantine Spanos 15.1 Introduction 343 15.2 Regenerative Braking Energy 343 15.3 Regenerative Braking Energy Recuperation Methods 344 15.3.1 Train Timetable Optimization 344 15.3.2 Storage-Based Solutions 345 15.3.2.1 Onboard Energy Storage 348 15.3.2.2 Wayside Energy Storage 349 15.3.3 Reversible Substation 350 15.3.4 Hybrid Reversible Substation and Wayside Energy Storage Modeling 352 15.3.5 Choosing the Right Application 355 15.4 New York City Transit - Case Study 356 15.4.1 NYC Transit Systems 356 15.4.2 Wayside Energy Storage 356 15.4.3 Reversible Substation 361 15.4.4 Hybrid Reversible Substation and Wayside Energy Storage 361 References 362 16 Flywheel Wayside Energy Storage for Electric Rail Systems 367 Ahmed A. Mohamed, Rohama Ahmad, William Franks, Brian Battle, and Robert Abboud 16.1 Introduction 367 16.2 Beacon Power's Kinetic Energy Storage System 367 16.2.1 Key Features of Beacon Flywheels 368 16.3 Train Simulation Study 370 16.3.1 Synopsis 370 16.3.2 Modeling Scope 370 16.3.3 Modeling Scenarios 370 16.3.4 Results and Discussion 371 16.3.4.1 Transient Response 371 16.3.4.2 24-hour Steady State Response 377 16.3.4.3 Effect of Changing Chopper Activation Voltage 379 16.3.4.4 Engaging the flywheel all the time 388 16.3.4.5 State of Charge Control 388 16.4 1MW Kinetic Energy Storage System Financial Results 392 16.4.1 Train Simulation Study 392 16.4.2 Cases Run 392 16.4.3 Capital Costs 393 16.4.4 Estimation of Annual Energy and Demand 393 16.4.4.1 Results 394 16.4.4.2 Emission Reduction 394 References 397 17 Distributed Energy Resource Integration with Electrical Railway Systems: NYC Case Study 399 Rohama Ahmad, Jaskaran Singh, and Ahmed A. Mohamed 17.1 Introduction 399 17.2 DER Integration with Subway Systems 400 17.2.1 Regenerative Braking Energy Recuperation 400 17.2.2 AC vs DC Integration 400 17.2.3 ESS Selection and Allocation 400 17.3 Case Study 401 17.3.1 NYC's Subway System 401 17.3.2 Model 404 17.3.3 DER Integration 409 17.3.4 Results of DER Integration 411 17.4 Conclusion 415 Reference 416 18 Challenges and State of the Art in the Agricultural Machinery Electrification 417 Luigi Alberti and Michele Mattetti 18.1 Introduction 417 18.2 Conventional Powertrain and Electrification Challenges 418 18.3 Electrification of Auxiliaries 420 References 421 19 Electrification of Agricultural Machinery: Main Solutions and Components 425 Luigi Alberti and Diego Troncon 19.1 Powertrain Electrification 425 19.1.1 Diesel-Electric and Hybrid-Electric Powertrains 425 19.1.1.1 Series Architectures 426 19.1.1.2 Parallel Architectures 428 19.1.1.3 Series-Parallel Architectures 429 19.1.2 Full-Electric Powertrains 430 19.1.3 Battery Electric Tractors (BETs) 430 19.1.4 Fuel Cell Electric Tractors (FCETs) 431 19.2 Main Components for Tractors' Electric Drivetrains 432 19.2.1 Electric Energy Storage Systems 432 19.2.2 Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Storage 433 19.2.3 Electric Machines 433 19.2.4 Power Converters 434 References 434 20 Feasibility Evaluation of Hybrid Electric Agricultural Tractors Based on Life Cycle Cost Analysis 437 Luigi Alberti, Elia Scolaro, and Matteo Beligoj 20.1 Introduction 437 20.2 Case Studies and Operating Cycles 438 20.2.1 Orchard Tractor 438 20.2.2 Row Crop Tractor's Medium-Duty Use 438 20.2.3 Row Crop Tractor's Heavy-Duty Use 439 20.3 System Modeling 440 20.3.1 Internal Combustion Engine 440 20.3.2 Converter and Electric Machine 440 20.3.3 Battery 440 20.3.4 Power Management 441 20.3.5 CO2 Emission Estimation 442 20.4 Design Specifications and Power Management Tuning 442 20.4.1 Battery Capacity Sizing and Power Management Tuning 442 20.4.2 Electric Machine and Power Electronics Design Specs 443 20.4.3 ICE Downsizing 443 20.5 Life Cycle Cost Analysis 444 20.5.1 Tractor Components and Energy Pricing 444 20.6 Results 445 20.6.1 Saving Each Cycle 445 20.6.2 Varying Component and Energy Pricing - Convenience of the Hybrid Tractors 447 20.6.3 Specs and Savings Summary 449 20.7 Conclusion 449 References 450 21 Advances in Data-Driven Modeling and Control of Naval Power Systems 453 Javad Khazaei and Ali Hosseinipour 21.1 Introduction to DC Watercraft Systems 453 21.2 Architectures for DC Shipboard Power Systems 456 21.2.1 Radial Topology 456 21.2.2 Multi-Zone Topology 456 21.3 Application of Hybrid Energy Storage in DC Watercrafts 458 21.3.1 Inner Control Loops 458 21.3.2 Generator Control 459 21.3.3 Resistive-Capacitive Droop Control 460 21.3.4 Proposed Complex Droop Control 461 21.4 Sparse Identification of Nonlinear Dynamics of DC/DC Converters in Watercrafts 463 21.4.1 Smoothing Data for Derivative Estimation 465 21.4.2 Estimating the Time Derivative Matrix X 465 21.4.3 Identification by Sparse Regression 465 21.4.4 Dynamic Model of the DC/DC Converters 466 21.4.5 Case Studies 467 21.4.6 Time-Domain Verification 467 21.5 Conclusion and Future Work 468 References 469 22 Shipboard DC Hybrid Power Systems: Pathway to Electrification and Decarbonization 475 Mehdi Zadeh and Pramod Ghimire 22.1 Introduction 475 22.2 Shipboard Power System Architectures 476 22.2.1 AC Switchboards 476 22.2.2 DC Power System 477 22.2.3 Hybrid AC-DC Power System 478 22.3 Shipboard DC Power System Topologies 478 22.4 Energy Storage and Alternative Energy Sources in Shipboard Power System 481 22.4.1 Energy Storages 482 22.4.2 Fuel Cell 483 22.5 High-Level Control of Energy Storage Systems 484 22.5.1 Peak Shaving 484 22.5.2 Load Leveling 484 22.5.3 Zero Emission 485 22.5.4 Battery Charging 486 22.5.5 Strategic Loading 486 22.5.6 Enhanced Dynamic Performance 487 22.5.7 Spinning Reserve 487 22.6 Load Sharing in DC Power System 488 22.7 Efficiency Improvement and Emission Reduction Potentials 488 22.8 Case Studies 489 22.8.1 Case Study 1 - Cruise Vessel 492 22.8.2 Case Study 2 - Offshore Vessel 494 References 495 Index 499

Notă biografică

Ahmed A. Mohamed, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Grove School of Engineering, City University of New York at City College. He is also Director of the Smart Grid Interdependencies Laboratory and Associate Editor of IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, IEEE Access, and MDPI Energies. Ahmad Arshan Khan, PhD, is Director of Power Electronics and Electric Machines at CNH Industrial. Ahmed T. Elsayed, PhD, is a Senior Electrical Design and Analysis Engineer and Technical Lead with Boeing Defense, Space and Security (BDS). Mohamed A. Elshaer, is a Power Electronics Technical Expert in the Electrified Systems Engineering department of Ford Motor Company.