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Understanding Digital Signal Processing de Richard G. Lyons

Understanding Digital Signal Processing

Autor Richard G. Lyons
Notă:  5.00 · o notă 
en Limba Engleză Hardback – 31 oct 2010
Amazon.com s Top-Selling DSP Book for Seven Straight Years Now Fully Updated "" "Understanding Digital Signal Processing, Third Edition, " is quite simply the best resource for engineers and other technical professionals who want to master and apply today s latest DSP techniques. Richard G. Lyons has updated and expanded his best-selling second edition to reflect the newest technologies, building on the exceptionally readable coverage that made it the favorite of DSP professionals worldwide. He has also added hands-on problems to every chapter, giving students even more of the practical experience they need to succeed. Comprehensive in scope and clear in approach, this book achieves the perfect balance between theory and practice, keeps math at a tolerable level, and makes DSP exceptionally accessible to beginners without ever oversimplifying it. Readers can thoroughly grasp the basics and quickly move on to more sophisticated techniques. This edition adds extensive new coverage of FIR and IIR filter analysis techniques, digital differentiators, integrators, and matched filters. Lyons has significantly updated and expanded his discussions of multirate processing techniques, which are crucial to modern wireless and satellite communications. He also presents nearly twice as many DSP Tricks as in the second edition including techniques even seasoned DSP professionals may have overlooked. Coverage includes New homework problems that deepen your understanding and help you apply what you ve learned Practical, day-to-day DSP implementations and problem-solving throughout Useful new guidance on generalized digital networks, including discrete differentiators, integrators, and matched filters Clear descriptions of statistical measures of signals, variance reduction by averaging, and real-world signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) computation A significantly expanded chapter on sample rate conversion (multirate systems) and associated filtering techniques New guidance on implementing fast convolution, IIR filter scaling, and more Enhanced coverage of analyzing digital filter behavior and performance for diverse communications and biomedical applications Discrete sequences/systems, periodic sampling, DFT, FFT, finite/infinite impulse response filters, quadrature (I/Q) processing, discrete Hilbert transforms, binary number formats, and much more "
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Specificații

ISBN-13: 9780137027415
ISBN-10: 0137027419
Pagini: 954
Dimensiuni: 180 x 234 x 36 mm
Greutate: 1.41 kg
Ediția:3Nouă
Editura: Prentice Hall
Locul publicării:Upper Saddle River, United States

Cuprins

Preface xv

About the Author xxiii

Chapter 1: Discrete Sequences and Systems 1

1.1 Discrete Sequences and their Notation 2

1.2 Signal Amplitude, Magnitude, Power 8

1.3 Signal Processing Operational Symbols 10

1.4 Introduction to Discrete Linear Time-Invariant Systems 12

1.5 Discrete Linear Systems 12

1.6 Time-Invariant Systems 17

1.7 The Commutative Property of Linear Time-Invariant Systems 18

1.8 Analyzing Linear Time-Invariant Systems 19

References 21

Chapter 1 Problems 23

Chapter 2: Periodic Sampling 33

2.1 Aliasing: Signal Ambiguity in the Frequency Domain 33

2.2 Sampling Lowpass Signals 38

2.3 Sampling Bandpass Signals 42

2.4 Practical Aspects of Bandpass Sampling 45

References 49

Chapter 2 Problems 50

Chapter 3: The Discrete Fourier Transform 59

3.1 Understanding the DFT Equation 60

3.2 DFT Symmetry 73

3.3 DFT Linearity 75

3.4 DFT Magnitudes 75

3.5 DFT Frequency Axis 77

3.6 DFT Shifting Theorem 77

3.7 Inverse DFT 80

3.8 DFT Leakage 81

3.9 Windows 89

3.10 DFT Scalloping Loss 96

3.11 DFT Resolution, Zero Padding, and Frequency-Domain Sampling 98

3.12 DFT Processing Gain 102

3.13 The DFT of Rectangular Functions 105

3.14 Interpreting the DFT Using the Discrete-Time Fourier Transform 120

References 124

Chapter 3 Problems 125

Chapter 4: The Fast Fourier Transform 135

4.1 Relationship of the FFT to the DFT 136

4.2 Hints on Using FFTs in Practice 137

4.3 Derivation of the Radix-2 FFT Algorithm 141

4.4 FFT Input/Output Data Index Bit Reversal 149

4.5 Radix-2 FFT Butterfly Structures 151

4.6 Alternate Single-Butterfly Structures 154

References 158

Chapter 4 Problems 160

Chapter 5: Finite Impulse Response Filters 169

5.1 An Introduction to Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters 170

5.2 Convolution in FIR Filters 175

5.3 Lowpass FIR Filter Design 186

5.4 Bandpass FIR Filter Design 201

5.5 Highpass FIR Filter Design 203

5.6 Parks-McClellan Exchange FIR Filter Design Method 204

5.7 Half-band FIR Filters 207

5.8 Phase Response of FIR Filters 209

5.9 A Generic Description of Discrete Convolution 214

5.10 Analyzing FIR Filters 226

References 235

Chapter 5 Problems 238

Chapter 6: Infinite Impulse Response Filters 253

6.1 An Introduction to Infinite Impulse Response Filters 254

6.2 The Laplace Transform 257

6.3 The z-Transform 270

6.4 Using the z-Transform to Analyze IIR Filters 274

6.5 Using Poles and Zeros to Analyze IIR Filters 282

6.6 Alternate IIR Filter Structures 289

6.7 Pitfalls in Building IIR Filters 292

6.8 Improving IIR Filters with Cascaded Structures 295

6.9 Scaling the Gain of IIR Filters 300

6.10 Impulse Invariance IIR Filter Design Method 303

6.11 Bilinear Transform IIR Filter Design Method 319

6.12 Optimized IIR Filter Design Method 330

6.13 A Brief Comparison of IIR and FIR Filters 332

References 333

Chapter 6 Problems 336

Chapter 7: Specialized Digital Networks and Filters 361

7.1 Differentiators 361

7.2 Integrators 370

7.3 Matched Filters 376

7.4 Interpolated Lowpass FIR Filters 381

7.5 Frequency Sampling Filters: The Lost Art 392

References 426

Chapter 7 Problems 429

Chapter 8: Quadrature Signals 439

8.1 Why Care about Quadrature Signals? 440

8.2 The Notation of Complex Numbers 440

8.3 Representing Real Signals Using Complex Phasors 446

8.4 A Few Thoughts on Negative Frequency 450

8.5 Quadrature Signals in the Frequency Domain 451

8.6 Bandpass Quadrature Signals in the Frequency Domain 454

8.7 Complex Down-Conversion 456

8.8 A Complex Down-Conversion Example 458

8.9 An Alternate Down-Conversion Method 462

References 464

Chapter 8 Problems 465

Chapter 9: The Discrete Hilbert Transform 479

9.1 Hilbert Transform Definition 480

9.2 Why Care about the Hilbert Transform? 482

9.3 Impulse Response of a Hilbert Transformer 487

9.4 Designing a Discrete Hilbert Transformer 489

9.5 Time-Domain Analytic Signal Generation 495

9.6 Comparing Analytical Signal Generation Methods 497

References 498

Chapter 9 Problems 499

Chapter 10: Sample Rate Conversion 507

10.1 Decimation 508

10.2 Two-Stage Decimation 510

10.3 Properties of Downsampling 514

10.4 Interpolation 516

10.5 Properties of Interpolation 518

10.6 Combining Decimation and Interpolation 521

10.7 Polyphase Filters 522

10.8 Two-Stage Interpolation 528

10.9 z-Transform Analysis of Multirate Systems 533

10.10 Polyphase Filter Implementations 535

10.11 Sample Rate Conversion by Rational Factors 540

10.12 Sample Rate Conversion with Half-band Filters 543

10.13 Sample Rate Conversion with IFIR Filters 548

10.14 Cascaded Integrator-Comb Filters 550

References 566

Chapter 10 Problems 568

Chapter 11: Signal Averaging 589

11.1 Coherent Averaging 590

11.2 Incoherent Averaging 597

11.3 Averaging Multiple Fast Fourier Transforms 600

11.4 Averaging Phase Angles 603

11.5 Filtering Aspects of Time-Domain Averaging 604

11.6 Exponential Averaging 608

References 615

Chapter 11 Problems 617

Chapter 12: Digital Data Formats and their Effects 623

12.1 Fixed-Point Binary Formats 623

12.2 Binary Number Precision and Dynamic Range 632

12.3 Effects of Finite Fixed-Point Binary Word Length 634

12.4 Floating-Point Binary Formats 652

12.5 Block Floating-Point Binary Format 658

References 658

Chapter 12 Problems 661

Chapter 13: Digital Signal Processing Tricks 671

13.1 Frequency Translation without Multiplication 671

13.2 High-Speed Vector Magnitude Approximation 679

13.3 Frequency-Domain Windowing 683

13.4 Fast Multiplication of Complex Numbers 686

13.5 Efficiently Performing the FFT of Real Sequences 687

13.6 Computing the Inverse FFT Using the Forward FFT 699

13.7 Simplified FIR Filter Structure 702

13.8 Reducing A/D Converter Quantization Noise 704

13.9 A/D Converter Testing Techniques 709

13.10 Fast FIR Filtering Using the FFT 716

13.11 Generating Normally Distributed Random Data 722

13.12 Zero-Phase Filtering 725

13.13 Sharpened FIR Filters 726

13.14 Interpolating a Bandpass Signal 728

13.15 Spectral Peak Location Algorithm 730

13.16 Computing FFT Twiddle Factors 734

13.17 Single Tone Detection 737

13.18 The Sliding DFT 741

13.19 The Zoom FFT 749

13.20 A Practical Spectrum Analyzer 753

13.21 An Efficient Arctangent Approximation 756

13.22 Frequency Demodulation Algorithms 758

13.23 DC Removal 761

13.24 Improving Traditional CIC Filters 765

13.25 Smoothing Impulsive Noise 770

13.26 Efficient Polynomial Evaluation 772

13.27 Designing Very High-Order FIR Filters 775

13.28 Time-Domain Interpolation Using the FFT 778

13.29 Frequency Translation Using Decimation 781

13.30 Automatic Gain Control (AGC) 783

13.31 Approximate Envelope Detection 784

13.32 AQuadrature Oscillator 786

13.33 Specialized Exponential Averaging 789

13.34 Filtering Narrowband Noise Using Filter Nulls 792

13.35 Efficient Computation of Signal Variance 797

13.36 Real-time Computation of Signal Averages and Variances 799

13.37 Building Hilbert Transformers from Half-band Filters 802

13.38 Complex Vector Rotation with Arctangents 805

13.39 An Efficient Differentiating Network 810

13.40 Linear-Phase DC-Removal Filter 812

13.41 Avoiding Overflow in Magnitude Computations 815

13.42 Efficient Linear Interpolation 815

13.43 Alternate Complex Down-conversion Schemes 816

13.44 Signal Transition Detection 820

13.45 Spectral Flipping around Signal Center Frequency 821

13.46 Computing Missing Signal Samples 823

13.47 Computing Large DFTs Using Small FFTs 826

13.48 Computing Filter Group Delay without Arctangents 830

13.49 Computing a Forward and Inverse FFT Using a Single FFT 831

13.50 Improved Narrowband Lowpass IIR Filters 833

13.51 A Stable Goertzel Algorithm 838

References 840

Appendix A: The Arithmetic of Complex Numbers 847

A.1 Graphical Representation of Real and Complex Numbers 847

A.2 Arithmetic Representation of Complex Numbers 848

A.3 Arithmetic Operations of Complex Numbers 850

A.4 Some Practical Implications of Using Complex Numbers 856

Appendix B: Closed Form of a Geometric Series 859

Appendix C: Time Reversal and the DFT 863

Appendix D: Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation 867

D.1 Statistical Measures 867

D.2 Statistics of Short Sequences 870

D.3 Statistics of Summed Sequences 872

D.4 Standard Deviation (RMS) of a Continuous Sinewave 874

D.5 Estimating Signal-to-Noise Ratios 875

D.6 The Mean and Variance of Random Functions 879

D.7 The Normal Probability Density Function 882

Appendix E: Decibels (DB and DBM) 885

E.1 Using Logarithms to Determine Relative Signal Power 885

E.2 Some Useful Decibel Numbers 889

E.3 Absolute Power Using Decibels 891

Appendix F: Digital Filter Terminology 893

Appendix G: Frequency Sampling Filter Derivations 903

G.1 Frequency Response of a Comb Filter 903

G.2 Single Complex FSF Frequency Response 904

G.3 Multisection Complex FSF Phase 905

G.4 Multisection Complex FSF Frequency Response 906

G.5 Real FSF Transfer Function 908

G.6 Type-IV FSF Frequency Response 910

Appendix H: Frequency Sampling Filter Design Tables 913

Appendix I: Computing Chebyshev Window Sequences 927

I.1 Chebyshev Windows for FIR Filter Design 927

I.2 Chebyshev Windows for Spectrum Analysis 929

Index 931

Notă biografică

Richard Lyons is a consulting Systems Engineer and lecturer with Besser Associates in Mountain View, California. He has been the Lead Hardware Engineer for numerous signal processing systems for both the National Security Agency (NSA) and Northrop Grumman Corp. Lyons has taught DSP at the University of California Santa Cruz Extension and authored numerous articles on DSP. As Associate Editor for the IEEE Signal Processing Magazine he created, edits, and contributes to the magazine’s “DSP Tips & Tricks” column.