This book presents some of the most important public health topics to be faced in the 21st century. The authors do not only analyse the challenges, but also propose solutions to researchers, practitioners and policy makers. Urbanisation is an on-going process throughout the world today. It has a profound impact on people's lives and health status. The globalisation of markets, increased use of communication and new information technologies are the driving forces behind this process. By 2025 it is estimated that about 60 percent of the world's population and 83 percent of Europeans will live in urban centres. Migration and immigration have an impact on social inequalities in health. Achieving good health is one of the major concerns of contemporary societies. Therefore future public health policy, practice and research have to focus not only on factors causing disease and injuries (pathogenesis), but also on factors promoting health (salutogenesis). Most of the chapters of the book reflect key presentations from the 12th EUPHA Conference in Oslo on 6-9 October 2004, including presentations from a pre-meeting on WHO's Global strategy on Diet, Physical activity and Health. Some chapters illustrate the saluto-genetic way to health promotion and nature-culture-health activities, such as music and health, green areas in the cities, and healthy food. The 31 chapters of the book are written by 78 public health experts from all around the world. Our hope is that the book will be used by public health experts and students in different countries and by EU and WHO/EURO in setting up the new public health policy in Europe.