Revision with unchanged content. Throughout history, great powers - Nazi Germany, Soviet Russia, the British and Spanish New World Empires, to name a few - have established widely vary-ing systems of domination to control subordinate polities. This variation, especially when found among contemporaneous actors, suggests an im-por-tant puzzle that would seem to defy the expectations of pre-do-mi-nant approaches in international relations theory: Why do great powers fa-cing the si-milar incentives and constraints of an anarchic system establish widely different sub-systems of hierarchical domination? This book seeks to explain the apparent puzzle by theorizing that a great power's behavioral choice in esta-blishing hierarchy is influenced by domestic social factors. Specifically, I look to a great power's communal ideology - its reason for being, or raison d'etre, that informs membership criteria, political authority, and legitimate power expression. Applying this theory to twelve cases in three eras of in-ter-na-tional politics, I argue that communal ideology is a compelling explanation for variation in great power hierarchy. This book is intended for audiences interested in subject matter related to international relations theory, political science and world history.