A GRAMMAR OF LATE MODERN ENGLISH H. POUTSMA SOLMETIME ENGLISH MASTER IN THE MUNICIPAL GYMNASIUM AMSTERDAM PART I THE SENTENCE SECOND HALF THE COMPOSITE SENTENCE SECOND EDITION . NOORDHOFF - 1929 - GRONINGEN TABLE CONTENTS. CHAPTER IX. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHAPTER X. Copulative Co-ordination . . . . . . . . . . . . CHAPTER XI. Adversative Co-ordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHAPTER XII. Causal Co-ordination CHAPTER XIII. Subordinate Statements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHAPTER XIV. Subordinate Questions . CHAPTER XV. . . . . . . . . . . . . Substantive Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHAPTER XVI. Adnorninal Clauscs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHAPTER XVII. Adverbial Clauses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHAPTER XVIII. Infinitive-Clauses CHAPTER XIX. Gerund-Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHAPTER XX. Participle-Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHAPTER XXI. Nomi nal-Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHAPTER XXII. Elliptical Sentences and Anacoliitha . . . . . . . . . SECOND HALF. THE COMPOSITE SENTENCE. CHAPTER IX. INTRODUCTION. ORDER OF DISCUSSION. Co-ordination and subordination compared . . . . . Incomplete clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compound elements of a sentence . . . . . . . . . . Incomplete clauses compared with Elliptic Senteiices . . . Co-ordination effected by Conjunctions or Conjunctive Ad- verbial Adjuncts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Syndetic, Asyndetic or Collateral and Polysyndetic Connexion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Copulative, Adversative, and Causal Co-ordination . . . . Full, Incomplete, and Undeveloped Subordinate clauses . . Subordinate Statements, Subordinate Questions, Substantival Clauses, Attributive Adnominal Clauses. Adverbial Clauses The Element to be supplied in Incomplete Subordinate Clauses Infinitive-, Gerund-, Participle-, and Nominal Undeveloped clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. A c o m p osi t e sentence is the union of two or more sentences which from their contents, the way in which they are arranged or joined together, and the manner in which they are uttered, form a whole. 2. The grammatical relation between the different members of a composite sentence is that of a Co-ordination parataxis,when theyaregrammatically of equal rank, as in He will go on a journey, and his brother will stay at home. He will go on a journey, but his brother will stay at home. He will go on a journey, therefore his brother will stay at home. b Subordination hypotaxis, when one member represents an element subject, nominal part of the predcate, object, etc. of the other, as in What I told you rests on sufficient evidence. My advice is that you should not meddle with the affair. I gave him what I had received. I will tell you all that I know of the matter. He did not go out, because he was ill. Note , The distinction between co-ordination and subordination is Sometimes rather a grammatical than a semantic one. Thus no appreciable difference in meaning is involved if the co-ordinative and is changed into the subordinative while in John is a banker, and his brotherholds a situation under government. Conversely while might be replaced by and or but, the latter on the strength of the implied contrast, in Galsworthy at least had sympathy, while lbsen stops short at understanding. The Church, after all, inherits her doctrines from the Reformation, whilemany of her customs and feslivals are as old as Milhraism. Substitution of while for and, however, would make the following sentence ambiguous The children were having their music lessons, and the baby was crying nextdoor.