Artificial Intelligence

 
Contents
 
 
Preface                                                                                  xii
Newtothisedition                                                                          xiii
Overviewofthebook                                                         xiv
Acknowledgements                                                                        xvii
 
1       Introductiontoknowledge-basedintelligentsystems                              1
 
1.1    Intelligentmachines,orwhatmachinescando                          1
1.2    Thehistoryofartificialintelligence,orfromthe‘DarkAges’
         toknowledge-basedsystems                                                     4
1.3    Summary                                                                       17
         Questionsforreview                                                                 21
         References                                                                    22
 
2       Rule-basedexpertsystems                                                            25
 
2.1    Introduction,orwhatisknowledge?                                          25
2.2    Rulesasaknowledgerepresentationtechnique                      26
2.3    Themainplayersintheexpertsystemdevelopmentteam                  28
2.4    Structureofarule-basedexpertsystem                                  30
2.5    Fundamentalcharacteristicsofanexpertsystem                   33
2.6    Forwardchainingandbackwardchaininginference
techniques                                                                     35
2.7    MEDIAADVISOR:ademonstrationrule-basedexpertsystem       41
2.8    Conflictresolution                                                          47
2.9    Advantagesanddisadvantagesofrule-basedexpertsystems       50
2.10  Summary                                                                       51
         Questionsforreview                                                                 53
         References                                                                    54
 
3       Uncertaintymanagementinrule-basedexpertsystems            55
 
3.1    Introduction,orwhatisuncertainty?                                         55
3.2    Basicprobabilitytheory                                                             57
3.3    Bayesianreasoning                                                       61
3.4    FORECAST:Bayesianaccumulationofevidence                   65
3.5    BiasoftheBayesianmethod                                                    72
3.6    Certaintyfactorstheoryandevidentialreasoning                     74
3.7    FORECAST:anapplicationofcertaintyfactors                       80
3.8    ComparisonofBayesianreasoningandcertaintyfactors        82
3.9    Summary                                                                       83
         Questionsforreview                                                                 85
         References                                                                    85
 
4       Fuzzyexpertsystems                                                          87
 
4.1    Introduction,orwhatisfuzzythinking?                                     87
4.2    Fuzzysets                                                                     89
4.3    Linguisticvariablesandhedges                                                94
4.4    Operationsoffuzzysets                                                           97
4.5    Fuzzyrules                                                                  103
4.6    Fuzzyinference                                                                       106
4.7    Buildingafuzzyexpertsystem                                               114
4.8    Summary                                                                     125
         Questionsforreview                                                               126
         References                                                                  127
         Bibliography                                                                 127
 
5       Frame-basedexpertsystems                                                       131
 
5.1    Introduction,orwhatisaframe?                                             131
5.2    Framesasaknowledgerepresentationtechnique                 133
5.3    Inferenceinframe-basedexperts                                           138
5.4    Methodsanddemons                                                              142
5.5    Interactionofframesandrules                                               146
5.6    BuySmart:aframe-basedexpertsystem                              149
5.7    Summary                                                                     161
         Questionsforreview                                                               163
         References                                                                  163
         Bibliography                                                                 164
 
6       Artificialneuralnetworks                                                              165
 
6.1    Introduction,orhowthebrainworks                                       165
6.2    Theneuronasasimplecomputingelement                                      168
6.3    Theperceptron                                                                        170
6.4    Multilayerneuralnetworks                                           175
6.5    Acceleratedlearninginmultilayerneuralnetworks                 185
6.6    TheHopfieldnetwork                                                               188
6.7    Bidirectionalassociativememories                                                    196
6.8    Self-organisingneuralnetworks                                              200
6.9    Summary                                                                     212
         Questionsforreview                                                               215
         References                                                                  216
 
7       Evolutionarycomputation                                                             219
 
7.1    Introduction,orcanevolutionbeintelligent?                           219
7.2    Simulationofnaturalevolution                                                219
7.3    Geneticalgorithms                                                      222
7.4    Whygeneticalgorithmswork                                                  232
7.5    Casestudy:maintenanceschedulingwithgenetic
algorithms                                                                    235
7.6    Evolutionarystrategies                                                            242
7.7    Geneticprogramming                                                             245
7.8    Summary                                                                     254
         Questionsforreview                                                               255
         References                                                                  256
         Bibliography                                                                 257
 
8       Hybridintelligentsystems                                                             259
 
8.1    Introduction,orhowtocombineGermanmechanics
withItalianlove                                                                        259
8.2    Neuralexpertsystems                                                            261
8.3    Neuro-fuzzysystems                                                              268
8.4    ANFIS:AdaptiveNeuro-FuzyInferenceSystem                     277
8.5    Evolutionaryneuralnetworks                                                  285
8.6    Fuzzyevolutionarysystems                                                   290
8.7    Summary                                                                     296
         Questionsforreview                                                               297
         References                                                                  298
 
9       Knowledgeengineering                                                                301
 
9.1    Introduction,orwhatisknowledgeengineering?                    301
9.2    Willanexpertsystemworkformyproblem?                         308
9.3    Willafuzzyexpertsystemworkformyproblem?                  317
9.4    Willaneuralnetworkworkformyproblem?                           323
9.5    Willgeneticalgorithmsworkformyproblem?                        
9.6    Willahybridintelligentsystemworkformyproblem?         
9.7    Summary                                                                     
         Questionsforreview                                                               
         References                                                                  
 
10   Dataminingandknowledgediscovery                                       
 
10.1  Introduction,orwhatisdatamining?                                    
10.2  Statisticalmethodsanddatavisualisation                             
10.3  Principalcomponentsanalysis                                             
10.4  Relationaldatabasesanddatabasequeries                                     
10.5  Thedatawarehouseandmultidimensionaldataanalysis      
10.6  Decisiontrees                                                                        
10.7  Associationrulesandmarketbasketanalysis                       
10.8  Summary                                                                     
         Questionsforreview                                                               
         References                                                                  
 
         Glossary                                                                     
         Appendix                                                                    
         Index                                                                                       
 

Dr Michael Negnevitsky is a Professor in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Tasmania, Australia. The book has developed from his lectures to undergraduates. Educated as an electrical engineer, Dr Negnevitsky's many interests include artificial intelligence and soft computing. His research involves the development and application of intelligent systems in electrical engineering, process control and environmental engineering. He has authored and co-authored over 300 research publications including numerous journal articles, four patents for inventions and two books.