This book provides a comprehensive introduction to Finsler geometry in the language of present-day mathematics. Through Finsler geometry, it also introduces the reader to other structures and techniques of differential geometry. Prerequisites for reading the book are minimal: undergraduate linear algebra (over the reals) and analysis. The necessary concepts and tools of advanced linear algebra (over modules), point set topology, multivariable calculus and the rudiments of the theory of differential equations are integrated in the text. Basic manifold and bundle theories are treated concisely, carefully and (apart from proofs) in a self-contained manner. The backbone of the book is the detailed and original exposition of tangent bundle geometry, Ehresmann connections and sprays. It turns out that these structures are important not only in their own right and in the foundation of Finsler geometry, but they can be also regarded as the cornerstones of the huge edifice of Differential Geometry. The authors emphasize the conceptual aspects, but carefully elaborate calculative aspects as well (tensor derivations, graded derivations and covariant derivatives).Although they give preference to index-free methods, they also apply the techniques of traditional tensor calculus. Most proofs are elaborated in detail, which makes the book suitable for self-study. Nevertheless, the authors provide for more advanced readers as well by supplying them with adequate material, and the book may also serve as a reference.This textbook introduces the reader to modern differential geometry through Finsler geometry, without relying on any previous knowledge of differential geometry. In discussing the general theory of manifolds and bundles, the authors give a detailed, clear and precise description of the fundamental concepts and ideas. The discussion of the tangent bundle and some related structures is exhaustive. From that point, several useful subtleties and technical tricks often neglected in other textbooks are presented. In the early chapters, the conventions, notation and terminology are set out. The linear algebra to be used later is expounded, in a general form, on modules. These chapters contain the local calculus that is used in proving many important theorems on existence and uniqueness in the framework of manifolds.This calculus is developed without reference to bases, i.e. free of partial derivatives. The book discusses several theorems, together with their complete proofs, which have been available only in journal articles, thus they have been lacking a uniform and consistent exposition.