ELEMENTS OF FOLK PSYCHOLOGY OUTLINES OF A PSYCHOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANKIND BY WILHELM WUNDT AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION BY EDWARD LEROY SCHAUB, Ph. D. LONDON GEORGE ALLEN UNWIN LTD. NEW YORK THE MACMILLAN COMPANY TRANSLATORS PREFACE THE keen interest which the present age is manifesting in problems connected with the interpretation of human experience is no less a result than it is a precondition of the fruitful labours of individual scholars. Prominent among these is the distinguished author of the volume which is herewith rendered accessible to English readers. The impetus which Professor Wundt has given to the philosophical and psychological studies of recent years is a matter of common knowledge. Many of those who are contributing richly to these fields of thought received their stimulus from instruction directly enjoyed in the laboratory and the classrooms of Leipzig. But even more than to Wundt, the teacher, is the world indebted to Wundt, the investigator and the writer. The number and comprehensiveness of this authors publications, as well as their range of subjects, are little short of amazing. To gauge the extent of their influence would require an examination of a large part of current philosophical and psychological literature. No small measure of this influence, however, must be credited to those whose labours have made possible the appearance of Wundts writings in other tongues. Of the English translations, we owe the first to Professors Creighton and Titchener. Succeeding their translation of the Lectures on Human and Animal Psychology came the publication, in English, of the first volume of the 4t Principles of Physio logical Psychology, of the two briefer treatises, Outlines of Psychology and Introduction to Psychology 1 and, in the meantime, of the valuable work on Ethics 1 vi TRANSLATORS PREFACE Though Professor Wundt first won recognition through his investigations in . physiology, it was his later and more valuable contributions to physiological psychology, as well as to logic, ethics, epistemology, and metaphysics, that gained for him his place of eminence in the world of scholarship. One may hazard the prophecy, however, that the final verdict of history will ascribe to his latest studies those in folk psychology, a significance not inferior to that which is now generally conceded to the writings of his earlier years. The V other psychologie is a truly monumental work. The analysis and interpretation of language, art, mythology, and religion, and the criticisms of rival theories and points of view, which occupy, its five largie volumes of over three thousand pages, are at once so judicial and so suggestive that they may not be neglected by, any serious student of the social mind. The publication of the Vdlkerpsychotogie made necessary a number of defensive and supplementary articles. Two of these, in a somewhat revised form, together with an early article on l4 The Aim and Methods of Folk Psychology, and an additional essay on Pragmatic and Genetic Psychology of Religion 1 were published in 1911 under the title, Problem der Vdtker, psychologie. Finally, in 1912, there appeared the book 1 which we are now presenting in translation, the Element der Volkerpsychotogie. As regards the difference in method and character between the Element e and the Volker psychologie, nothing need be added to what may, be gleaned from the authors Preface and Introduction to this, his latest, work. Here, too, Professor Wundt indicates his conception of the nature and the problem 1 of folk psychology, a Fuller discussion of which may, be found both in the VStkcrpsychologie and in the first essay of the Problemc He who attempts to sketch the Outlines of tf Psychological History of the Development of Mankind necessarily incurs a heavy indebtedness, as regards his TRANSLATORS PREFACE vii material, to various more specialized sciences...