Endoscopic Retrograde Pancreaticocholangiography (ERPC)

1. Introduction.- Peroperative Pancreaticography.- Terminology.- 2. The History of Pancreaticography.- 2.1 Experiments on Pancreaticography by Means of a Balloon Catheter.- 2.2 Experiments on Pancreaticography by Direct Puncture of the Pancreatic Parenchyma.- 2.3 Experiments on Transvenous Pancreaticography.- 2.4 Development of the Endoscopic Retrograde Pancreaticocholangiography.- 3. Techniques.- 3.1 Equipment.- 3.2 Preparation of the Patient.- 3.3 Technique of ERPC.- 3.4 Technical Difficulties in ERPC.- 4. Indications, Contraindications, and Complications.- 4.1 Indications for ERPC.- 4.2 Contraindications.- 4.3 Hazards, Complications, and Treatment.- 5. The Normal Retrograde Pancreaticogram (including anomalies and deformities).- 5.1 Site of the Papilla of Vater.- 5.2 The Anatomy of the Papilla of Vater.- 5.3 Main Duct and Side Branches of the Pancreas.- 5.4 Width of the Pancreatic Main Duct.- 5.5 Different Types and Variations of the Orifice.- 5.6 The Normal Emptying Process of the Pancreatic Duct.- 5.7 Transpapillary Pressure Measurement in the Pancreatic Duct and the Common Bile Duct.- 6. The ERPC Roentgenographic Pattern in Changes Due to Age.- 7. The ERPC in Lesions of the Pancreas and the Papilla Duodeni.- 7.1 Annular Pancreas.- 7.2 Chronic Pancreatitis, Chronic Relapsing Pancreatitis, Calculous Pancreatitis.- 7.3 Necrotizing Lesions and Pseudocysts.- 7.4 Papillary Stenosis and Papillary Spasm.- 7.5 Benign Tumors of the Pancreas.- 7.6 Carcinoma of the Pancreas.- 7.7 Papillary Carcinoma.- 7.8 Metastases of Tumors to the Pancreas.- 7.9 Posttraumatic Conditions of the Pancreas.- 7.10 Postoperative Conditions of the Pancreas.- 8. ERPC in Diseases of the Biliary Tract.- 8.1 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis.- 8.2 Secondary Sclerosing Cholangitis and Postoperative Conditions of the Biliary Tract.- 8.3 Calculous Disease of the Bile Ducts and the Gallbladder.- 8.4 Carcinoma of the Bile Ducts and Carcinoma of the Liver.- 8.5 Stenosis of the Common Bile Duct Secondary to Diseases of Pancreas and Liver.- 9. Correlation of ERPC with Other Roentgenologic Examinations of the Pancreas.- 10. Conclusion.- 11. References.- 12. Subject Index.