The third collection of essays by the Irish in Europe Project, this book explores the emergence of Irish communities across Europe from Sweden to the southerly tip of Spain. Topics include Irish entrepreneurs in Sweden's industrialization; Irish merchant dynasties in Ostend and Seville; the material culture of Irish migr families in 18th-century France; rivalry within communities of Irish students in Paris, Toulouse and Cahors; Irish involvement in international diplomacy in Rome and Spain; Napoleon's Irish Legion and Irish participation in the battle of Cremona; literacy among Irish immigrants in Spain, and the translation of Irish Counter-Reformation literature. Contributors include: L.M. Cullen (TCD), Jan Parmentier (U. Ghent), Jane Ohlmeyer (TCD), Thomas Bartlett (UCD), Steve Murdoch (St Andrews), M. Bego a Villar Garc a (U. M laga), Patrick Fert (U. Toulouse-Le Mirail), Liam Chambers (Mary I, Limerick), Pierre Joannon (Ireland Fund de France), Ciaran Brady (TCD), oghan hAnnrach in (Brussels), scar Recio Morales (TCD), Igor P rez Tostado (NUIG), Martin Murphy (Oxford), Thomas Byrne (NUIM), Tadhg hAnnrach in (UCD), amon Cios in (NUIM), Charles Dillon (QUB), Ciaran O'Scea (Valladolid), Enrique Garc a Hern n (Madrid), Patrick Clarke de Dromantin (Bordeaux).