The experience of the Irish abroad has been a vibrant and exciting area of scholarly research in recent years. Most of the research has chronicled the political, military, and religious experience of Irish men and women who left Ireland in the 17th and 18th centuries. This book complements that research by focusing on the experience of meeting new cultures as the emigrants ventured across Europe. Included in the themes covered are the impact of the new world that they discovered on their language, their ways of practicing scholarship, the impact of print on a predominantly oral culture, and their encounter with towns by those who came from an overwhelmingly rural background. Deploying a wide range of new evidence, these essays open up questions of cultural encounter that have not been explored hitherto. This is the fifth volume in the Irish in Europe series and, like its predecessors, opens new perspectives on the experience of the Irish abroad in the early modern world. (Series: Irish in Europe - Vol. 5)