Italy welcomes foreign direct investment (FDI). As a European Union (EU) member state, Italy is bound by the membership's treaties and laws. Under the EU treaties with the United States, Italy is generally obliged to provide national treatment to U.S. investors established in Italy or in another EU member state. Exceptions include access to government subsidies for the film industry; capital requirements for banks domiciled in non-EU member countries; and restrictions on non-EU-based airlines operating domestic routes. Italy also has investment restrictions in the shipping sector.EU and Italian antitrust laws provide local authorities with the right to review mergers and acquisitions over a certain financial threshold. The Italian government may block mergers involving foreign firms if it is determined to be essential to the national economy or if the government of the foreign firm applies discriminatory measures against Italian firms. Foreign investors in the defense or aircraft manufacturing sectors are more likely to encounter resistance from the many ministries charged with approving foreign acquisitions. Finmeccanica, a state-controlled defense conglomerate, operates domestically in these sectors.