Malformations: Handbuch der Urologie Encyclopedia of Urology Encyclopedie d'Urologie, cartea 7 / 1

Vesicoureteral Reflux.- A. Definition of Reflux.- B. Anatomy of the Ureterovesical Junction.- C. Innervation.- D. Physiology of the Ureterovesical Valve.- E. Pathology of the Ureterovesical Junction.- F. Classification of Reflux by Etiology.- G. Etiology of Nonocclusive Ureteral Dilatation (Megaloureter).- H. Incidence of Reflux.- I. Effects of Reflux.- J. The Role of the Ureterovesical Junction in the Pathogenesis of Pyelonephritis.- K. The Treatment of Reflux and its Complications.- References.- Anomalies of the Kidney.- I. Agenesis.- II. Hypoplasia.- III. Cystic Disease.- IV. Fusion Anomalies of the Kidney.- V. Ectopia of the Kidney.- VI. Anomalies of Rotation.- VII. Anomalies of the Vessels.- VIII. Supernumerary Kidney.- IX. Cystic Disease of the Renal Pyramids.- X. Anomalies of the Renal Pelvis.- Acknowledgments.- References.- Anomalies of the Ureter.- A. Multiplication, Ectopia and Ureterocele.- B. Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction.- C. Unusual Positions of the Ureter.- D. Agenesis, Aplasia, Blind Ending.- E. Congenital Dilatation of the Ureter.- F. Twists, Kinks, Congenital Diverticula, Blockage by Vessels.- References.- Congenital Abnormalities of the Bladder.- A. Development of the Bladder.- B. Congenital Abnormalities of the Bladder.- References.- Anomalies of the Bladder Neck.- Anomalies of the Bladder Neck.- The Normal Bladder Neck.- Cinefluorographic Appearance of Normal Bladder Outlets During Micturition.- Dilatation of the Urethra Distal to Wide Bladder Necks.- Bladder Neck Dysfunction.- Errors in Diagnosis and Management.- The Roentgen Appearance of the Normal Male Bladder Neck.- Bladder Neck Dysfunction in the Male.- Bladder Neck Dysfunction Accompanying Posterior Urethral Valves.- Summary.- References.- Anomalies of the Urethra.- I. Introduction.- II.Congenital Absence of the Urethra.- III. Meatal Stenosis.- IV. Distal Urethral Stenosis.- V. Congenital Urethral Stricture.- VI. Congenital Valves of the Female Urethra.- VII. Congenital Hypertrophy of the Verumontanum.- VIII. Anterior Urethral Valves.- IX. Diverticula of the Anterior Urethra.- X. Double Urethra and Accessory Urethra.- XI. Posterior Urethral Valves.- References.- Anomalies of the Male Genitalia.- A. The Undescended Testicle.- B. Other Abnormalities of the Testicle.- C. Appendages of the Testicle, Epididymis and Cord.- D. Anomalies of the Tunics of the Testicle and Scrotum.- E. Epididymis.- F. Vas Deferens.- G. Prostate.- H. Seminal Vesicles.- References.- Hypospadias.- Embryology and Morphology.- Incidence.- Female Hypospadias.- Therapeutic Principles.- Techniques for Correction of Chordec.- Position of New Meatus.- Basic Types of Urethroplasty.- General Results.- Personal Experiences.- Complications.- References.- Anomalies of the Female Genitalia.- I. Anomalies of the Vulva and Vagina.- II. Anomalies of the Mullerian Ducts.- III. Anomalies of the Ovary.- References.- The Intersex States.- I. Criteria of Sex.- II. The Definition and Classification of Hermaphroditism.- III. Ovarian Agenesis and Dysgenesis.- IV. True Hermaphroditism.- V. Klinefelter’s Syndrome.- VI. Double X Males.- VII. Multiple X Syndromes.- VIII. Female Hermaphroditism Due to Congential Adrenal Hyperplasia.- IX. Female Hermaphroditism without Progressive Masculinization.- X. Male Hermaphroditism.- XI. Differential Diagnosis of Infants with Ambiguous Genitalia.- XII. The Treatment of Hermaphroditism.- References.- Author Index.