Methodological Issues and Strategies in Clinical Research

Contributors
Preface
Part I. Introduction: Overview and Background
Chapter 1. Methodology: What It Is and Why It Is So Important
Alan E. Kazdin
Part II. Beginning the Research Process
Research Ideas
Chapter 2. Beginning the Research Process: Key Concepts That Can Guide a Study
Alan E. Kazdin
Chapter 3. Getting Out of Our Conceptual Ruts: Strategies for Expanding Conceptual Frameworks
Allan W. Wicker
Chapter 4. Translational Research
Michael T. Bardo and Mary Ann Pentz
Foci of Research
Chapter 5. In Defense of External Invalidity
Douglas G. Mook
Chapter 6. When Small Effects Are Impressive
Deborah A. Prentice and Dale T. Miller
Part III. Sampling and Assigning Participants to Conditions
Samples and Selection of Participants
Chapter 7. Most People Are Not WEIRD
Joseph Henrich, Steven J. Heine, and Ara Norenzayan
Chapter 8. The Neglected 95%: Why American Psychology Needs to Become Less American
Jeffrey J. Arnett
Chapter 9. Amazon's Mechanical Turk: A New Source of Inexpensive, Yet High-Quality, Data?
Michael Buhrmester, Tracy Kwang, and Samuel D. Gosling
Randomization and Group Equivalence
Chapter 10. Random Sampling, Randomization, and Equivalence of Contrasted Groups in Psychotherapy Outcome Research
Louis M. Hsu
Research Design Options
Chapter 11. Experimental and Observational Designs: An Overview
Alan E. Kazdin
Part IV. Assessment
Measurement Development, Reliability, and Validity
Chapter 12. Constructing Validity: Basic Issues in Objective Scale Development
Lee Anna Clark and David Watson
Chapter 13. Selecting Measures for Research Investigations
Alan E. Kazdin
Chapter 14. Measurement and Assessment: An Editorial View
Cecil R. Reynolds
Measurement Among Diverse Samples
Chapter 15. Methodological Issues in Assessment Research With Ethnic Minorities
Sumie Okazaki and Stanley Sue
Part V. Data Analysis, Evaluation, and Presentation
Background and Underpinnings of Data Analyses
Chapter 16. On the Origins of the .05 Level of Statistical Significance
Michael Cowles and Caroline Davis
Chapter 17. Things I Have Learned (So Far)
Jacob Cohen
Null Hypotheses Testing, Meta-Analysis, and Bayesian Statistics
Chapter 18. A Power Primer
Jacob Cohen
Chapter 19. Statistical Significance Testing and Cumulative Knowledge in Psychology: Implications for Training of Researchers
Frank L. Schmidt
Chapter 20. An Effect Size Primer: A Guide for Clinicians and Researchers
Christopher J. Ferguson
Chapter 21. The Proof of the Pudding: An Illustration of the Relative Strengths of Null Hypothesis, Meta-Analysis, and Bayesian Analysis
George S. Howard, Scott E. Maxwell, and Kevin J. Fleming
Data Presentation
Chapter 22. Designing Better Graphs by Including Distributional Information and Integrating Words, Numbers, and Images
David M. Lane and Anikó Sándor
Part VI. Special Topics: Evaluation in Clinical Practice and Research
Assessment and Evaluation in Clinical Work
Chapter 23. Collecting Client Feedback
Michael J. Lambert and Kenichi Shimokawa
Chapter 24. Revisiting and Reenvisioning the Outcome Problem in Psychotherapy: An Argument to Include Individualized and Qualitative Measurement
Clara E. Hill, Harold Chui, and Ellen Baumann
Evaluating Interventions
Chapter 25. Beyond Efficacy and Effectiveness: A Multifaceted Approach to Treatment Evaluation
Timothy D. Nelson and Ric G. Steele
Chapter 26. Methodological Challenges in Treatment Outcome Research With Ethnic Minorities
Anna S. Lau, Doris F. Chang, and Sumie Okazaki
Part VII. Multiple Methodologies
Chapter 27. The Epistemology of Mathematical and Statistical Modeling: A Quiet Methodological Revolution
Joseph Lee Rodgers
Chapter 28. Qualitative Research and Its Place in Psychological Science
Anna Madill and Brendan Gouge
Chapter 29. Single-Case Experimental Research Designs
Alan E. Kazdin
Part VIII. Ethical Issues and Scientific Integrity
Guidelines and Codes
Chapter 30. Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct
American Psychological Association
Chapter 31. Research Ethics: How to Treat People Who Participate in Research
Ezekiel Emanuel, Emily Abdoler, and Leanne Stunkel
Chapter 32. Research Ethics for Mental Health Science Involving Ethnic Minority Children and Youths
Celia B. Fisher, Kimberly Hoagwood,Cheryl Boyce, Troy Duster, Deborah A. Frank, Thomas Grisso, Robert J. Levine, Ruth Macklin, Margaret Beale Spencer, Ruby Takanishi, Joseph E. Trimble, and Luis H. Zayas
Questionable Research Practices, Fraud, and Professional Responsibilities
Chapter 33. False-Positive Psychology: Undisclosed Flexibility in Data Collection and Analysis Allows Presenting Anything as Significant
Joseph P. Simmons, Leif D. Nelson, and Uri Simonsohn
Chapter 34. Why Has the Number of Scientific Retractions Increased?
R. Grant Steen, Arturo Casadevall, and Ferric C. Fang
Chapter 35. Best Practices for Allocating Appropriate Credit and Responsibility to Authors of Multi-Authored Articles
Lucas D. Eggert
Part IX. Reproducibility of Findings: Replication and Improving Research Practices
Chapter 36. Shall We Really Do It Again? The Powerful Concept of Replication is Neglected in the Social Sciences
Stefan Schmidt
Chapter 37. The Empirical March: Making Science Better at Self-Correction
Matthew C. Makel
Chapter 38. Recommendations for Increasing Replicability in Psychology
Jens B. Asendorpf, Mark Conner, Filip de Fruyt, Jan De Houwer, Jaap J. A. Denissen, Klaus Fiedler, Susann Fiedler, David C. Funder, Reinhold Kliegl, Brian A. Nosek, Marco Perugini, Brent W. Roberts, Manfred Schmitt, Marcel A. G. van Aken, Hannelore Weber, and Jelte M. Wicherts
Part X. Publication and Communication of Research
Reporting Standards: What to Cover and Include in an Article
Chapter 39. Reporting Standards for Research in Psychology: Why Do We Need Them? What Might They Be?
APA Publications and Communications Board Working Group on Journal Article Reporting Standards
Preparing Articles for Publication
Chapter 40. Publication and Communication of Research Findings
Alan E. Kazdin
Chapter 41. Writing a Review Article forPsychological Bulletin
Daryl J. Bem
Part XI. Perspectives on Methodology
Chapter 42. Methodology: Perspectives and General Lessons to Guide Research
Alan E. Kazdin
Index
About the Editor