Microclimate for Cultural Heritage: Measurement, Risk Assessment, Conservation, Restoration, and Maintenance of Indoor and Outdoor Monuments
Autor Dario Camuffoen Limba Engleză Paperback – 17 iun 2019
Sections covers applied theory, environmental issues and conservation, practical utilization, along with suggestions, examples, common issues and errors.
- Connects theory to practice with clear illustrations, useful examples, and case studies
- Covers practical issues, e.g. rising damp, moulds, and pests, indoor heating, thermal comfort, green lighting technology, performing field surveys
- Presents the latest standards for measuring cultural assets and their environment
- Discusses climate change and indoor - outdoor potential scenarios, including sea-level rise
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| ELSEVIER SCIENCE – 25 noi 2013 | 734.06 lei 5-7 săpt. |
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Specificații
ISBN-13: 9780444641069
ISBN-10: 0444641068
Pagini: 582
Dimensiuni: 216 x 276 x 34 mm
Greutate: 1.33 kg
Ediția:3
Editura: ELSEVIER SCIENCE
ISBN-10: 0444641068
Pagini: 582
Dimensiuni: 216 x 276 x 34 mm
Greutate: 1.33 kg
Ediția:3
Editura: ELSEVIER SCIENCE
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Public țintă
professionals, researchers and students in the field of conservation and restoration of monuments, architects, engineers, museum and church conservators, Cultural heritage conservationists, conservation scientists, restorers, environmental scientists, atmospheric scientists, chemists, physicistsCuprins
1. Microclimate and Atmospheric Variables 1.1 Microclimate 1.2 Air, Water Vapour, Perfect and Real Gases 1.3 The Internal Boundary Layer and the Viscous Layer 1.4 Coanda Effect 1.5 Atmospheric Variables and Parameters
2. Temperature: A Key Variable in Conservation and Thermal Comfort 2.1 Temperature: One Variable, Four Popular Definitions 2.2 Mechanisms of Temperature-Induced Deterioration 2.3 The Urban Heat Island 2.4 Temperature in a Building, a Room 2.5 Temperature in a Showcase 2.6 People’s Thermal Comfort and Discomfort 2.7 Is It Possible to Combine People’s Comfort, Conservation Needs, and Sustainability? 2.8 Planning Air Temperature Monitoring to Study Air–Surface Interactions and for Environmental Diagnostics
3. Theoretical Grounds for Humidity 3.1 Partial Pressure of Water Vapour 3.2 Derivation of the Latent Heat 3.3 Mixing Ratio of Water Vapour and Dry Air 3.4 Specific Humidity 3.5 Absolute Humidity 3.6 Relative Humidity 3.7 Dew Point: The Temperature of Condensation 3.8 Frost Point: The Temperature of Freezing 3.9 Wet Bulb Temperature: The Temperature of Evaporation 3.10 The Psychrometric Chart 3.11 Humidity When It Rains or Snows
4. Consequences of the Maxwell–Boltzmann Distribution 4.1 The Maxwell–Boltzmann Equation and the Distribution of Molecules by Velocities 4.2 Thermal Emission of Bodies 4.3 The Arrhenius Equation 4.4 Saturation Pressure of Water Vapour in Air 4.5 Relative Humidity and Mutual Distance Between H2O Molecules 4.6 The Liquid State and the Free H2O Molecules in It 4.7 The Raoult Law for Ideal Solutions 4.8 Ebullition and Freezing 4.9 An Additional Aspect of Relative Humidity 4.10 The Three Classes of Water Vapour 4.11 Conclusions
5. Physics of Drop Formation and Micropore Condensation 5.1 How a Curved Water Meniscus Changes the Equilibrium Vapour Tension 5.2 Derivation of the Kelvin Equation for Droplet Formation and Micropore Condensation 5.3 The Formation of Droplets in the Atmosphere: Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Nucleation 5.4 Bubbles 5.5 Micropore Condensation and Stone Weathering 5.6 Adsorption Isotherms 5.7 Freeze–Thaw Cycles
6. Humidity and Deterioration Mechanisms 6.1 Air–Surface Interactions and Environmental Diagnostics 6.2 The Equilibrium Moisture Content and Dimensional Changes in Wood 6.3 Mechanisms of Humidity Degradation in Paper and Parchment 6.4 Biological Habitat and Vacuum Cleaners 6.5 Molecular Layers of Water on the Surface of Metals and Glass 6.6 Chemical Forms of Decay 6.7 A Complex Structure: The Organ Pipe 6.8 What Is the Best Microclimate for Conservation? 6.9 Keeping Constant Relative Humidity in Rooms and Showcases 6.10 Condensation on Cold Surfaces 6.11 People as a Moisture Source 7. Atmospheric Water, Capillary Rise, and Stone Weathering 7.1 Atmospheric Pollution, Acid Rain, Rainfall, and Crusts 7.2 Mechanisms of Penetration of Rainwater and Evaporation 7.3 Evaporation From Damp Monuments 7.4 Capillary Suction 7.5 The Equilibrium Vapour Tension Over a Solution 7.6 Climate Cycles, Sea Spray, and Salt Damage 7.7 Deliquescence–Crystallization Cycles 7.8 Some Common Errors That Should Be Avoided 8. Rising Damp Treatment and Prevention 8.1 Measures to Counteract Rising Damp 8.2 Removing Causes 8.3 Hiding Effects 8.4 Damp-Proof Course With Physical Barrier 8.5 Damp-Proof Course With Chemical Barrier 8.6 Increasing Wall Temperature 8.7 Ventilation Within the Wall 8.8 Ventilating Outside the Wall 8.9 Dehumidifying Plasters 8.10 Active Electro-Osmosis 8.11 Passive Electro-Osmosis 8.12 Parapsychological Devices 8.13 Drying Damp Murals
II ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY, POLLUTANT DISPERSION AND SOILING OF PAINTINGS AND MONUMENTS 9. Parameters to Describe Air Masses and Vertical Air Motions 9.1 Equivalent Temperature 9.2 Adiabatic Gradients in Troposphere 9.3 Potential Temperature 9.4 Equivalent-Potential Temperature 9.5 Virtual Temperature
10. Atmospheric Stability and Pollutant Dispersion 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Vertical Temperature Gradients and Plume Behaviour 10.3 Effects Due to Topographic Horizontal Inhomogeneity 10.4 Urban Climate: Heat Island and Aerodynamic Disturbance 10.5 Dispersion and Transportation of Pollutants in a City 10.6 Wind Friction Near a Surface 10.7 Vertical Fluxes of Heat, Moisture and Momentum 10.8 Heat Balance at the Soil or the Monument Surface 10.9 Main Parameters Used in Measuring Atmospheric Stability and Turbulence 10.10 Plume Dispersion 10.11 Stability Classes to Evaluate Atmospheric Stability
11. Dry Deposition of Airborne Particulate Matter—Mechanisms and Effects 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Random Walk and Brownian Diffusivity 11.3 Brownian Deposition 11.4 Thermophoresis 11.5 Diffusiophoresis 11.6 Stefan Flow 11.7 Gravitational Settling 11.8 Electrophoresis 11.9 Photophoresis 11.10 Aerodynamic Deposition: Inertial Impaction and Interception 11.11 Adhesion of Particles to Paintings or Other Surfaces 11.12 Vertical Distribution of Particles in Still Air and Their Resuspension by Turbulence 11.13 How Soiling Develops 11.14 What Is the Most Appropriate Heating and Air Conditioning System to Avoid Soiling? 11.15 Inappropriate Positioning of Paintings 11.16 Uplifting of Giant Particles and Wind Erosion 11.17 Kinetic Energy and Sand Blasting
III RADIATION, LIGHT AND COLOURS 12. Radiometric Aspects of Solar Radiation, Blackbody, and Lamp Radiation 12.1 Radiation Emitted by Bodies and Effects of the Absorbed Energy 12.2 Radiometric Temperature 12.3 Angular Distribution of Radiant Emission of Bodies 12.4 Attenuation of Light in the Atmosphere 12.5 Daily and Seasonal Cycles of Solar Radiation on Monuments 12.6 Length of Shadow 12.7 Electric Lamps for Cultural Heritage 12.8 Problems Encountered in Exhibition Lighting 12.9 Optical Filters and Optical Fibres 12.10 Degradation of Works of Art Caused by Light 12.11 Photographic Flash Light 12.12 Phototrophic Organisms
2. Temperature: A Key Variable in Conservation and Thermal Comfort 2.1 Temperature: One Variable, Four Popular Definitions 2.2 Mechanisms of Temperature-Induced Deterioration 2.3 The Urban Heat Island 2.4 Temperature in a Building, a Room 2.5 Temperature in a Showcase 2.6 People’s Thermal Comfort and Discomfort 2.7 Is It Possible to Combine People’s Comfort, Conservation Needs, and Sustainability? 2.8 Planning Air Temperature Monitoring to Study Air–Surface Interactions and for Environmental Diagnostics
3. Theoretical Grounds for Humidity 3.1 Partial Pressure of Water Vapour 3.2 Derivation of the Latent Heat 3.3 Mixing Ratio of Water Vapour and Dry Air 3.4 Specific Humidity 3.5 Absolute Humidity 3.6 Relative Humidity 3.7 Dew Point: The Temperature of Condensation 3.8 Frost Point: The Temperature of Freezing 3.9 Wet Bulb Temperature: The Temperature of Evaporation 3.10 The Psychrometric Chart 3.11 Humidity When It Rains or Snows
4. Consequences of the Maxwell–Boltzmann Distribution 4.1 The Maxwell–Boltzmann Equation and the Distribution of Molecules by Velocities 4.2 Thermal Emission of Bodies 4.3 The Arrhenius Equation 4.4 Saturation Pressure of Water Vapour in Air 4.5 Relative Humidity and Mutual Distance Between H2O Molecules 4.6 The Liquid State and the Free H2O Molecules in It 4.7 The Raoult Law for Ideal Solutions 4.8 Ebullition and Freezing 4.9 An Additional Aspect of Relative Humidity 4.10 The Three Classes of Water Vapour 4.11 Conclusions
5. Physics of Drop Formation and Micropore Condensation 5.1 How a Curved Water Meniscus Changes the Equilibrium Vapour Tension 5.2 Derivation of the Kelvin Equation for Droplet Formation and Micropore Condensation 5.3 The Formation of Droplets in the Atmosphere: Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Nucleation 5.4 Bubbles 5.5 Micropore Condensation and Stone Weathering 5.6 Adsorption Isotherms 5.7 Freeze–Thaw Cycles
6. Humidity and Deterioration Mechanisms 6.1 Air–Surface Interactions and Environmental Diagnostics 6.2 The Equilibrium Moisture Content and Dimensional Changes in Wood 6.3 Mechanisms of Humidity Degradation in Paper and Parchment 6.4 Biological Habitat and Vacuum Cleaners 6.5 Molecular Layers of Water on the Surface of Metals and Glass 6.6 Chemical Forms of Decay 6.7 A Complex Structure: The Organ Pipe 6.8 What Is the Best Microclimate for Conservation? 6.9 Keeping Constant Relative Humidity in Rooms and Showcases 6.10 Condensation on Cold Surfaces 6.11 People as a Moisture Source 7. Atmospheric Water, Capillary Rise, and Stone Weathering 7.1 Atmospheric Pollution, Acid Rain, Rainfall, and Crusts 7.2 Mechanisms of Penetration of Rainwater and Evaporation 7.3 Evaporation From Damp Monuments 7.4 Capillary Suction 7.5 The Equilibrium Vapour Tension Over a Solution 7.6 Climate Cycles, Sea Spray, and Salt Damage 7.7 Deliquescence–Crystallization Cycles 7.8 Some Common Errors That Should Be Avoided 8. Rising Damp Treatment and Prevention 8.1 Measures to Counteract Rising Damp 8.2 Removing Causes 8.3 Hiding Effects 8.4 Damp-Proof Course With Physical Barrier 8.5 Damp-Proof Course With Chemical Barrier 8.6 Increasing Wall Temperature 8.7 Ventilation Within the Wall 8.8 Ventilating Outside the Wall 8.9 Dehumidifying Plasters 8.10 Active Electro-Osmosis 8.11 Passive Electro-Osmosis 8.12 Parapsychological Devices 8.13 Drying Damp Murals
II ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY, POLLUTANT DISPERSION AND SOILING OF PAINTINGS AND MONUMENTS 9. Parameters to Describe Air Masses and Vertical Air Motions 9.1 Equivalent Temperature 9.2 Adiabatic Gradients in Troposphere 9.3 Potential Temperature 9.4 Equivalent-Potential Temperature 9.5 Virtual Temperature
10. Atmospheric Stability and Pollutant Dispersion 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Vertical Temperature Gradients and Plume Behaviour 10.3 Effects Due to Topographic Horizontal Inhomogeneity 10.4 Urban Climate: Heat Island and Aerodynamic Disturbance 10.5 Dispersion and Transportation of Pollutants in a City 10.6 Wind Friction Near a Surface 10.7 Vertical Fluxes of Heat, Moisture and Momentum 10.8 Heat Balance at the Soil or the Monument Surface 10.9 Main Parameters Used in Measuring Atmospheric Stability and Turbulence 10.10 Plume Dispersion 10.11 Stability Classes to Evaluate Atmospheric Stability
11. Dry Deposition of Airborne Particulate Matter—Mechanisms and Effects 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Random Walk and Brownian Diffusivity 11.3 Brownian Deposition 11.4 Thermophoresis 11.5 Diffusiophoresis 11.6 Stefan Flow 11.7 Gravitational Settling 11.8 Electrophoresis 11.9 Photophoresis 11.10 Aerodynamic Deposition: Inertial Impaction and Interception 11.11 Adhesion of Particles to Paintings or Other Surfaces 11.12 Vertical Distribution of Particles in Still Air and Their Resuspension by Turbulence 11.13 How Soiling Develops 11.14 What Is the Most Appropriate Heating and Air Conditioning System to Avoid Soiling? 11.15 Inappropriate Positioning of Paintings 11.16 Uplifting of Giant Particles and Wind Erosion 11.17 Kinetic Energy and Sand Blasting
III RADIATION, LIGHT AND COLOURS 12. Radiometric Aspects of Solar Radiation, Blackbody, and Lamp Radiation 12.1 Radiation Emitted by Bodies and Effects of the Absorbed Energy 12.2 Radiometric Temperature 12.3 Angular Distribution of Radiant Emission of Bodies 12.4 Attenuation of Light in the Atmosphere 12.5 Daily and Seasonal Cycles of Solar Radiation on Monuments 12.6 Length of Shadow 12.7 Electric Lamps for Cultural Heritage 12.8 Problems Encountered in Exhibition Lighting 12.9 Optical Filters and Optical Fibres 12.10 Degradation of Works of Art Caused by Light 12.11 Photographic Flash Light 12.12 Phototrophic Organisms