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Modern Psychometrics: The Science of Psychological Assessment de John Rust

Modern Psychometrics: The Science of Psychological Assessment

Autor John Rust, Michal Kosinski, David Stillwell
en Limba Engleză Paperback – 24 dec 2020
This popular text introduces the reader to all aspects of psychometric assessment, including its history, the construction and administration of traditional tests, and the latest techniques for psychometric assessment online.
Rust, Kosinski, and Stillwell begin with a comprehensive introduction to the increased sophistication in psychometric methods and regulation that took place during the 20th century, including the many benefits to governments, businesses, and customers. In this new edition, the authors explore the increasing influence of the internet, wherein everything we do on the internet is available for psychometric analysis, often by AI systems operating at scale and in real time. The intended and unintended consequences of this paradigm shift are examined in detail, and key controversies, such as privacy and the psychographic microtargeting of online messages, are addressed. Furthermore, this new edition includes brand-new chapters on item response theory, computer adaptive testing, and the psychometric analysis of the digital traces we all leave online.
Modern Psychometrics combines an up-to-date scientific approach with full consideration of the political and ethical issues involved in the implementation of psychometric testing in today’s society. It will be invaluable to both undergraduate and postgraduate students, as well as practitioners who are seeking an introduction to modern psychometric methods.
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Specificații

ISBN-13: 9781138638655
ISBN-10: 113863865X
Pagini: 194
Ilustrații: 8 Tables, black and white; 19 Line drawings, black and white; 19 Illustrations, black and white
Dimensiuni: 174 x 246 x 15 mm
Greutate: 0.24 kg
Ediția:4th edition
Editura: Taylor & Francis
Colecția Routledge
Locul publicării:Oxford, United Kingdom

Public țintă

Postgraduate and Undergraduate

Cuprins

 1. The history and evolution of psychometric testing
Introduction
What is psychometrics?
Psychometrics in the 21st century
History of assessment
      Chinese origins
      The ability to learn
      The nineteenth century
Beginnings of psychometrics as a science
      Intelligence testing
      Eugenics and the dark decades
Psychometric testing of ability
      The dark ages come to an end
      An abundance of abilities
Tests of other psychological constructs
      Personality
      Integrity
      Interests
      Motivation
      Values
      Temperament
      Attitude
      Belief
Summary
2. Constructing your own psychometric questionnaire
The purpose of the questionnaire
Making a blueprint
Writing items
      Alternate-choice items
      Multiple-choice items
      Rating-scale items
      All questionnaires
      Knowledge-based questionnaires
      Person-based questionnaires
Designing the questionnaire
Piloting the questionnaire
Item analysis
      Facility
      Discrimination
      Distractors
Obtaining the reliability
      Cronbach’s alpha
      Split-half reliability
Assessing validity
      Face validity
      Content validity
Standardization
3. The Psychometric principles
Reliability
      Test-retest reliability
      Parallel-forms reliability
      Split-half reliability
      Interrater reliability
      Internal consistency
      The standard error of measurement (SEM)
      Comparing test reliabilities
      Restriction of range
Validity
      Face validity
      Content validity
      Predictive validity
      Concurrent validity
      Construct validity
      Differential validity
Standardization
      Norm referencing
      Criterion referencing
Equivalence
      Differential item functioning
      Measurement invariance
      Adverse impact
Summary
4. Psychometric measurement
True-score theory
Identification of latent traits with factor analysis
      Spearman’s two-factor theory
      Vector algebra and factor rotation
      Moving into more dimensions
      Multidimensional scaling
Application of factor analysis to test construction
      Eigenvalues
      Identifying the number of factors to extract using the Kaiser criterion
      Identifying the number of factors to extract using the Cattell scree test
      Other techniques for identifying the number of factors to extract
      Factor rotation
      Rotation to simple structure
      Orthogonal rotation
      Oblique rotation
Limitations of the classical factor-analystic approach
Criticisms of psychometric measurement theory
      The Platonic true score
      Psychological vs. physical true scores
      Functional assessment and competency testing
      Machine learning and the black box
Summary
5. Item response theory and computer adaptive testing
Introduction
Item banks
      The Rasch model
      Assessment of educational standards
      The Birnbaum model
The evolution of modern psychometrics
      Computer adaptive testing
      Item equating
      Polytomous IRT
An intuitive graphical description of item tesponse theory
      Limitations of classical test theory
A graphical Introduction to item response theory
      The logistic curve
      3PL-model: difficulty parameter
      3PL model: discrimination parameter
      3PL model: guessing parameter
      The Fisher information function
      The test information function and its relationship to the standard error of measurement
      How to score an IRT test
Principles of computer adaptive testing
Summary of item response theory
Confirmatory factor analysis
6. Personality theory
Theories of personality
      Psychoanalytic theory
      Humanistic theory
      Social learning theory
      Behavioral genetics
      Type and trait theories
      Different approaches to personality assessment
      Self-report techniques and personality profiles
      Reports by others
      Online digital footprints
      Situational assessments
      Projective measures
      Observations of behavior
      Task performance methods
      Polygraph methods
      Repertory grids
Sources and management of bias
      Self-report techniques and personality profiles
      Reports by others
      Online digital footprints
      Situational assessments
      Projective measures
      Observations of behavior
      Task performance methods
      Polygraph methods
      Repertory grids
Informal methods of personality assessment
State versus trait measures
Ipsative scaling
Spurious validity and the Barnum Effect
Summary
7. Personality assessment in the workplace
Prediction of successful employment outcomes
      Validation of personality questionnaires previously used in employment
      Historical antecedents to the five-factor model
      Stability of the five-factor model
      Cross-cultural aspects of the five-factor model
      Scale independence and the role of facets
      Challenges to scale construction for the five-factor model
      Impression management
      Acquiescence
      Response bias and factor structure
      Development of the five OBPI personality scales
Assessing counterproductive behavior at work
      The impact of behaviorism
      Prepsychological theories of integrity
      Modern integrity testing
      Psychiatry and the medical model
      The dysfunctional tendencies
      The dark triad
      Assessing integrity at work
      The OBPI integrity scales
Conclusion
8. Employing digital footprints in psychometrics
Introduction
Types of digital footprint
      Usage logs
      Language data
      Mobile sensors
      Images and audiovisual data
Typical applications of digital footprints in psychometrics
      Replacing and complimenting traditional measures
      New contexts and new constructs
      Predicting future behavior
      Studying human behavior
      Supporting the development of traditional measures
Advantages and challenges of employing digital footprints in psychometrics
      High ecological validity
      Greater detail and longitude
      Less control over the assessment environment
      Greater speed and unobtrusiveness
      Less privacy and control
      No anonymity
      Bias
      Enrichment of existing constructs

      Developing digital-footprint-based psychometric measures
      Collecting digital footprints
      How much data is needed?
Preparing digital footprints for analysis
      Respondent-footprint matrix
      Data sparsity
Reducing the dimensionality of the respondent-footprint matrix
      Singular value decomposition
      Latent Dirichlet allocation
Building prediction models
9. Psychometrics in the era of the intelligent machine
History of computerization in psychometrics
      Computerized statistics
      Computerized item banks
      Computerized item generation
      Automated advice and report systems
The evolution of AI in psychometrics
      Expert systems
      Neural networks (machine learning)
      Parallel processing
      Predicting with statistics and machine learning
      Explainability
Psychometrics in cyberspace
      What and where is cyberspace?
      The medium is the message
Moral development in AI
      Kohlberg’s theory of moral development
      Do machines have morals?
      The laws of robotics
      Artificial general intelligence
Conclusion

Notă biografică

John Rust is the founder of The Psychometrics Centre at the University of Cambridge, UK. He is a Senior Member of Darwin College, UK, and an Associate Fellow of the Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence, University of Cambridge, UK.
Michal Kosinski is an associate professor of organizational behavior at Stanford Graduate School of Business, USA.
David Stillwell is the academic director of the Psychometrics Centre at the University of Cambridge, UK. He is also a reader in computational social science at the Cambridge Judge Business School, UK.

Recenzii

"There is a robust science for predicting and explaining what people do in any area of life, and this remarkable book, by three leading scholars, will forever change the way you think about human behavior: a true masterpiece!"– Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic, Columbia University, USA and University College, UK.
"Measurement is the foundation of all science, and Psychology is no exception. So, with its authoritative, updated, and comprehensive coverage of psychometrics, this volume is set to become the go-to guide for any serious psychological scientist."– Sam Gosling, University of Texas, USA.
"The science of psychometrics is already changing our lives. For better or worse, it will shape our digital futures. This welcome new edition to the classic introduction to the field could hardly be more timely. " – Huw Price, University of Cambridge, UK.

Descriere

This popular text introduces the reader to all aspects of psychometric assessment, including its history, how to construct and administer traditional tests and the latest techniques for psychometric assessment online.