Navigation de B. Hofmann-Wellenhof

Navigation: Principles of Positioning and Guidance

B. Hofmann-Wellenhof

H. Lichtenegger

K. Legat

M. Wieser

Global positioning systems like GPS or the future European Galileo are influencing the world of navigation tremendously. Today, everybody is concerned with navigation even if unaware of this fact. Therefore, the interest in navigation is steadily increasing.This book provides an encyclopedic view of navigation. Fundamental elements are presented for a better understanding of the techniques, methods, and systems used in positioning and guidance.The book consists of three parts. Beside a historical review and maps, the first part covers mathematical and physical fundamentals. The second part treats the methods of positioning including terrestrial, celestial, radio- and satellite-based, inertial, image-based, and integrated navigation. Routing and guidance are the main topics of the third part. Applications on land, at sea, in the air, and in space are considered, followed by a critical outlook on the future of navigation.This book is designed for students, teachers, and people interested in entering the complex world of navigation.

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Cuprins

1 Introduction.- 1.1 Goals and structure of the book.- 1.2 Definitions and terms.- 1.3 Quality parameters.- 1.4 Applications and phases of navigation.- 1.5 User requirements.- 1.6 Miscellaneous..- 2 Historical review.- 2.1 Origins of navigation.- 2.2 Hellenistic period and Roman Empire.- 2.3 Middle ages.- 2.4 Seventeenth and eighteenth century.- 2.5 Nineteenth and twentieth century.- 3 Mathematical fundamentals.- 3.1 Reference frames.- 3.2 Principles of position determination.- 3.3 Principles of velocity determination.- 3.4 Principles of attitude determination.- 3.5 Accuracy measures.- 3.6 Least squares estimation.- 3.7 Principles of routing and guidance.- 4 Physical fundamentals.- 4.1 Fundamentals of electromagnetic waves.- 4.2 Electromagnetic wave propagation.- 4.3 Observables from electromagnetic waves.- 5 Maps.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Types of maps.- 5.3 Map projections.- 5.4 Digital maps.- 6 Terrestrial navigation.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Instruments and observables.- 6.3 Position determination.- 6.4 Drift.- 7 Celestial navigation.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Astronomical basics.- 7.3 Celestial fix by spherical resection.- 7.4 Star tracker.- 7.5 Internet sources on celestial navigation.- 8 Terrestrial radio navigation.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Point source systems.- 8.3 Area-based systems.- 8.4 Aircraft landing systems.- 9 Satellite-based navigation.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Early systems.- 9.3 GPS.- 9.4 GLONASS.- 9.5 Galileo.- 9.6 Other satellite-based navigation systems.- 10 Augmentation systems.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Differential GNSS.- 10.3 Integrity monitoring.- 10.4 Examples of augmentation systems.- 11 Inertial navigation.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Sensors.- 11.3 Navigation equations.- 11.4 Platform alignment.- 11.5 Navigation performance.- 12 Image-based navigation.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Impacts on image-based navigation.- 12.3 Image sequence analysis.- 12.4 Image-based navigation techniques.- 13 Integrated navigation.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Advanced Kalman filtering.- 13.3 Principles of sensor fusion.- 13.4 Typical multisensor systems.- 14 Routing and guidance.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Route planning.- 14.3 Route guidance.- 15 Vehicle and traffic management.- 15.1 Introduction.- 15.2 Land-based traffic management.- 15.3 Maritime traffic management.- 15.4 Air traffic management.- 16 Application examples.- 16.1 Conventional applications.- 16.2 Specific applications.- 16.3 Other applications.- 17 Critical outlook.- References.