Open Tubular Column Gas Chromatography in Environmental Sciences

One: Introduction.- 1.1. Organic Contaminants in the Environment.- 1.2. Advances of Trace Organic Analysis.- 1.3. Nomenclature and Relationships in Gas Chromatography.- 1.4. Separation Number (Trennzahl).- 1.5. Thermodynamic Concept of Polarity and Selectivity.- 1.6. Stationary Phases.- References.- Two: Glass WCOT Columns.- 2.1. Glass Surfaces as Support Materials.- 2.2. Glass Surface Properties.- 2.3. Dehydration and Rehydration of Glass Surfaces.- 2.4. Capillary Tubing Fabrication.- 2.5. WCOT Column Surface Modifications.- 2.6. Glass Surface Deactivation and Chemical Modification.- 2.7. Coating the WCOT Column.- 2.8. WCOT Column Conditioning.- 2.9. Glass WCOT Column Maintenance.- References.- Three: Inlet Systems.- 3.1. General Considerations.- 3.2. Sample Introduction Techniques.- 3.3. Split Sampling Technique.- 3.4. Splitless Sampling Technique.- 3.5. On-Column Injection Techniques.- 3.6. Direct Injection.- 3.7. Column-Switching Techniques.- 3.8. Flow Programming in WCOT Column Gas Chromatography.- References.- Four: Detectors.- 4.1. Flame Ionization Detector.- 4.2. Electron Capture Detector.- 4.3. Thermionic (Alkali Flame Ionization) Detector.- 4.4. Photoionization Detector.- 4.5. The Mass Spectrometer as Detector.- 4.6. Operational Modes of an Ion Source.- 4.7. GC/MS Interface.- 4.8. Parameters Affecting Performance of GC/MS System.- References.- Five: Sample Preparation.- 5.1. General Considerations.- 5.2. Planning the Analytical Study.- 5.3. Cleanup Procedures.- 5.4. Liquid-Liquid Extraction.- 5.5. Liquid Chromatography.- 5.6. Headspace Analysis.- 5.7. Thermal Desorption Methods.- 5.8. Steam Distillation.- 5.9. Partitioning Methods.- 5.10. Miscellaneous Methods.- 5.11. Air Sampling.- 5.12. Source Sampling Procedures.- References.- Six: The Retention Index System.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Kovats Retention Index System.- 6.3. Compound Identification by Retention Index.- 6.4. Other Retention Systems.- References.- Seven: Quantitative Analysis.- 7.1. General Considerations.- 7.2. Principles of Quantitative Analysis.- 7.3. Statistical Considerations.- 7.4. Primary Standards in Air Pollution Analysis.- References.- Eight: Application in Environmental Analysis.- 8.1. Introduction.- 8.2. Analysis of Organic Priority Pollutants in Water.- 8.3. Determination of Groups of Compounds.- 8.4. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.- 8.5. Heterocyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.- 8.6. Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons.- 8.7. Halogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons.- 8.8. Polychlorinated Dibenzo-1,4-Dioxins.- 8.9. Chlorinated Dibenzofurans.- 8.10. Chlorinated Phenols and Related Compounds.- 8.11. Toxaphene.- 8.12. Phthalate Esters.- 8.13. Nitrosamines.- 8.14. Nonionic Detergents.- 8.15. Miscellaneous Separations.- References.