Percutaneous Venous Blood Sampling in Endocrine Diseases

1 Selective Venous Sampling for the Differential Diagnosis of Female Hyperandrogenemia.- Diagnostic Procedures.- Indications.- Anatomy and Anatomical Variations.- Catheterization.- Endocrinologic Results.- Clinical Results.- Conclusion.- References.- 2 Selective Venous Sampling for Adrenal Hormone Excess.- Adrenal Glands.- Diseases of the Adrenal Cortex.- Diseases of the Adrenal Medulla.- Conclusion.- References.- 3 Selective Simultaneous Bilateral Sampling from the Inferior Petrosal Sinuses.- Diagnostic Workup.- Diagnostic Problems.- Indications for Inferior Petrosal Sinus (IPS) Sampling.- Anatomy.- Catheterization.- Endocrinologic Background for IPS Catheterization.- Patients and Method.- Results.- Discussion.- Conclusion.- References.- 4 Pancreatic Venous Sampling.- Population of Pancreatic Endocrine Cells.- Distribution of Hormone-Producing Islet Cells.- The APUD Concept.- Tumors of the Endocrine Pancreas.- Localization of Islet Cell Tumors.- Ultrasound.- Computed Tomography.- Arteriography.- Intraoperative Ultrasound.- Venous Sampling.- Interpretation of Hormone Data.- Complications of the Procedure.- Clinical and Surgical Considerations.- Islet Cell Tumor Embolization.- Author’s Experience in Hyperinsulinism.- References.- 5 Pathophysiology and Detection of Renovascular Hypertension—Combination of Renal Vein Renin Sampling and Digital Subtraction Angiography.- Normal Renin Metabolism.- Renin in Pathologic States.- Detection of Renovascular Hypertension.- Radiographic Studies.- Causes of Failure to Identify Renovascular Hypertension by RVR.- Conclusion.- References.- 6 Selective Venous Sampling for Parathyroid Hormone Excess.- Clinical Features.- Anatomy/Physiology.- Diagnostic Procedures.- Treatment.- References.- 7 Clinical and Laboratory Evaluation ofEndocrine Diseases.- Adrenal and Ovarian Hormones.- Pituitary Hormones.- Pancreatic Hormones.- Parathyroid Hormone.- Renal Hormones.- References.