The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) is the research and development arm of the U.S. Department of Justice. NIJ's Perspectives on Crime and Justice Lecture Series is an opportunity for policymakers and researchers to pause, reflect, and engage in discourse on the best research about crime and justice issues. Through this series, NIJ continues to present discussions by some of the Nation's most distinguished scholars representing criminology and related disciplines. The lectures in this volume follow a rich tradition of inquiry and enlightenment on crime and justice issues. They are intended to raise the level of discourse and promote dialogue and interest in new areas of research.