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Probable Justice: Risk, Insurance, and the Welfare State

Autor Rachel Z. Friedman
en Limba Engleză Paperback – 21 sep 2020
Decades into its existence as a foundational aspect of modern political and economic life, the welfare state has become a political cudgel, used to assign blame for ballooning national debt and tout the need for personal responsibility. At the same time, it affects nearly every citizen and permeates daily life—in the form of pension, disability, and unemployment benefits, healthcare and parental leave policies, and more. At the core of that disjunction is the question of how we as a society decide who should get what benefits—and how much we are willing to pay to do so.

Probable Justice​ traces a history of social insurance from the eighteenth century to today, from the earliest ideas of social accountability through the advanced welfare state of collective responsibility and risk. At the heart of Rachel Z. Friedman’s investigation is a study of how probability theory allows social insurance systems to flexibly measure risk and distribute coverage. The political genius of social insurance, Friedman shows, is that it allows for various accommodations of needs, risks, financing, and political aims—and thereby promotes security and fairness for citizens of liberal democracies.
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Specificații

ISBN-13: 9780226730936
ISBN-10: 022673093X
Pagini: 272
Dimensiuni: 152 x 229 x 18 mm
Greutate: 0.36 kg
Ediția:First Edition
Editura: University of Chicago Press
Colecția University of Chicago Press

Notă biografică

Rachel Z. Friedman is a member of the Buchmann Faculty of Law and a faculty affiliate of the Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics at Tel Aviv University.
 

Cuprins

Introduction 

Chapter 1: The Origins of Risk and the Growth of Insurance  
Insurance: A Brief Primer  
The Early History of Modern Insurance  
Probability Theory and the Doctrine of Aleatory Contracts  
Life Insurance and Probabilistic Justice  

Chapter 2: Probabilistic Justice and the Beginnings of Social Insurance  
Precursors to Social Insurance  
The First Social Insurance Plans: Mutual Insurance Writ Large  

Chapter 3: The Promise of Probability  
The Practical Aims of Late-Classical Probability  
Between Individual Choice and Social Responsibility  
Social Insurance in Theory and in Practice  

Chapter 4: The Collectivization of Risk and the Early Welfare States  
The Rise of the Collective View of Chance  
Risk in the Early Welfare States  

Chapter 5: The Egalitarian Welfare State and the Ambiguities of Insurance  
The Egalitarian Welfare State Emerges  
Subjective Probability and the Personalization of Chance  
The Egalitarian Welfare State without Probability  
The Fate of Social Insurance in the Twentieth Century and Beyond  

Conclusion 
Acknowledgments  
Notes  
Index

Recenzii

"[Probable Justice] is a fascinating book linking the increasing understanding of the mathematics of probability and risk from the Enlightenment to the development of the welfare state in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries through to today."

"An extremely timely and worthwhile read. Probability theory, economic theory, and social responsibility theory support an intriguing discourse to satisfy the academic appetite. . . .  Friedman provides rich context to allow for further research and exploration. . . . Highly recommended."

"Tracing a conceptual and political history of the practice from the time of the French Revolution through the present, Friedman argues that social insurance is a distributive regime that by its nature combines distinct principles and aims, including individual liberty or autonomy and social equality or solidarity. Her argument has implications for the definition, protection,and promotion of social rights and the role of anti-discrimination law with respect to private insurance."

"[Tremendously] valuable for helping us reflect on our predicament.”

"Normative theory, in particular, ought to heed Friedman’s careful examination of the foundational ideas behind the modern welfare state and the distinction it points to between forward- and backward-facing ideals of justice."

Probable Justice advances a strikingly original—and quite brilliant—argument about the common duality of probability as a philosophical concept and social insurance as a political expedient, both of which Friedman reveals are essentially ‘Janus-faced.’”

“Friedman powerfully brings together three traditions of thought: theory on risk and probability, ethical principles of distributive justice, and political theory on the purpose of social insurance or the welfare state. Her image of civil society as a great mutual insurer with coercive power will reorient political thinking on the welfare state.”

Probable Justice is a brilliant synthesis of the history of insurance and theories of probability. It combines social theory (e.g., social insurance and the welfare state) with an outstanding discussion of the ambiguities in probability theory. One of the most illuminating books I have encountered on the influence of probabilistic ideas on theories of justice.”

“Friedman’s thoughtful and thought-provoking study reveals how diverse conceptions of probability have always been morally tinged. Whether framed as prudential individualism, frequentist solidarity, or a subjective bet, how we calculate risk turns out to have far-reaching consequences for how we think about what the state owes its citizens and citizens owe each other.”