real time opthalmic ultrasonography

1 Principles of ultrasonography.- Characteristics of Ultrasound.- Display Modes.- Practical Aspects of Sonolaparotomy.- 2 Ophthalmic anatomy.- Anatomy.- 3 Sonoanatomy.- Normal Pupil.- 4 Ultrasonic patient history.- Symptoms.- Decreased Vision in the Elderlsy.- Acute Visual Loss.- Floaters.- Pain.- Eye Examination.- 5 Oculosonotomography.- Patient Preparation.- Axial Length Measurement.- Sonofluoroscopy of the Globe and Orbit.- Sensitivity Setting for Tissue Characteristics.- Dynamic Study.- Compression Technique.- Examination of the Traumatized Eye.- Three-Dimensional Build-Up.- Identification System.- Marking of the Polaroid Pictures.- 6 Sonography of the injured eye.- General Introduction.- Sonography of the Injured Eye.- Intraocular Foreign Body.- Sonography of Foreign Bodies.- Associated Damage from Foreign Body.- Pre-Phthisis Bulbi.- 7 Sonography of the lens.- General Introduction.- Cataract.- 8 Sonography of the vitreous.- Vitreous Alterations with Aging.- Vitreous Detachment.- Vitreous Adhesions.- Vitreous Hemorrhage.- Sonography in Vitrectomy.- Asteroid Hyalosis.- 9 Sonography of the retina and choroid.- General Introduction.- Retinal Detachment.- Choroidal Detachments.- Staphyloma.- Coloboma.- Pseudostaphyloma.- Macula.- Scleral Buckle.- 10 Sonography of the optic nerve.- General Introduction.- Papilledema.- Drusen.- Glaucoma.- 11 Sonography of the orbit.- General Introduction.- Orbital Landmarks.- Recti Muscles.- Exophthalmos.- Pseudoproptosis.- 12 Sonography of ophthalmic tumors.- General Introduction.- Clinical Presentation.- Sonopathology of Ophthalmic Tumors.- Tumors of the Retina.- Retinoblastoma.- Tumors of the Choroid.- Tumors of the Optic Nerve.- Orbital Tumors.- Adnexal Tumors.- 13 Sonography of the eye in systemic disease.- Inflammatory Disorders.- Hereditary Metabolic Disorders.- Nutritional Eye Disease.- Endocrine Diseases.- Thyroid Disorders.- Hyperthyroidism Grave’s Disease.- Diabetes Mellitus.- Hypertension.- Gastroenterological Diseases.- Hematologic Disorders.- 14 Artifacts.- Light Artifact.- Reflection Artifact.- Shutter Artifact.- Camera Artifact.- Reverberation Artifact.- Lens Artifact.- Coupling Artifact.- Interference Artifact.- Sonic Shadow Sign Artifact.