Cardiothoracic surgery is the surgery that deals with the treatment of diseases affecting organs within the thorax, which includes organs like heart, great vessels, lungs, esophagus, thymus, etc. Cardiothoracic surgery is usually used to treat complications of heart diseases such as valvular heart disease, endocarditis, ischemic heart disease, rheumatic heart disease and many more. Neurological damage is one of the major concerns and risks in cardiothoracic surgery and there are other risks of having infections such as myo- or pericarditis, bloodstream infections, cardiac device infection, endocarditis, pneumonia and empyema. Some of the modern cardiothoracic surgery includes modern beating heart surgery, minimally invasive surgery and lung volume reduction surgery. This book covers in detail some existent theories and innovative concepts revolving around cardiothoracic surgery. It also traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying cardiothoracic surgery as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.