Bio-nanocomposites form a unique class of a research area that integrates biology, chemistry, materials science, engineering and nanotechnology to present an interdisciplinary approach for solving of problems. In todays world, bio-nanocomposites are becoming increasingly prevalent due to the extraordinary properties that they possess. Scientists learn to select suitable matrices (eg: aliphatic polyesters, polypeptides and proteins, polysaccharides, and polynucleic acids) and fillers (eg: nanotubes, nanofibers, clay nanoparticles, hydroxyapetite and metal nanoparticles) and alter their chemistry and structure to suit the target field. This book provides the most recent research made in the field of bio-nanocomposites as applied to biomedical fields including drug-delivery, biosensors, cancer diagnosis, and tissue engineering.