The main focus of this book is to analyse and explain, rather than merely narrate, developments of modern war. The volume will present up-to-date and genuinely original scholarship that has not been previously published. This collection deals with three of the most important themes of historical studies: the way history is or ought to be written, the nature of dictatorships, and the nature of wars. The primary focus is on modern Europe and two defining experiences in the first half of the twentieth century, namely the First and Second World Wars and totalitarian dictatorships. Both remain issues of intense debates and with ever widening ramifications. It provides a unique overview of the current state of research on three important themes that are of great interest to scholars, and students. Each essay and a substantial introduction summarises complex findings, approaching the topic from a variety of perspectives (19th and 20th century history; national and regional history; comparative history; cartography; and, biographical, intellectual, structural, social and military history) thus challenging traditional interpretations and methodologies, and addressing unresolved questions. The book brings together a mix of established and younger experts thinking critically about these major themes and writing accessible and stimulating pieces that challenge existing interpretations and suggest ways the subjects are changing. The contributors tackle big issues and dare to come up with bold explanations.