Explores secularism and secularisation in Arab societies since mid-nineteenth century This book is a translation of Aziz al-Azmeh's seminal work Al-'Ilmaniya min mandhur mukhtalif that was first published in Beirut in 1992. Both celebrated and criticised for its reflections on Arab secularisation and secularism in the modern history of the Arab World, it is the only study to date to approach its subject as a set of historical changes which affected the regulation of the social, political and cultural order, and which permeated the concrete workings of society, rather than as an ideological discussion framed from the outset by the assumed opposition between Islam and secularism. The author takes a comprehensive analytical perspective to show that an almost imperceptible yet real, multi-faceted and objective secularising process has been underway in the Arab world since the 1850s. The early onset was the result of adapting to systemic novelties introduced at the time and a reaction to the perceived European advance and local retardation. The need for meaningful reform, and the actions taken in order to put in place a new organisation of state and society based on modern organisational and educational criteria, rather than older, religious traditions, stemmed from the perceived weakness of Arab polities and from an internal drive to overcome this situation. The book follows these themes into the close of the twentieth centuries, marked with the rise of Islamism. A preface to the English translation takes a retrospective look at the theme from the vantage point of social, political and intellectual issues of relevance today. Key features - Traces the concrete secular transformations in Muslim societies which occurred at particular times and by specific social agencies; - Explores how secular changes influenced the functioning of different strata and groups, and the central attitudes of their members; - Devotes considerable attention to religious reform in the broader context of the developments studied, and of the ideological, political and institutional religious reactions to both; - Includes a new Preface by the author to introduce the English translation. Aziz Al-Azmeh is University Professor Emeritus and Distinguished Visiting Professor in the Department of History, Central European University, Budapest. He is the author of Ibn Khaldun (1982), Arabic Thought and Islamic Societies (1983), Islams and Modernities (1993), Muslim Kingship (1996) and The Emergence of Islam in Late Antiquity (2014).