Song and Self

Ian Bostridge is an English tenor, known for his performances as an opera and lieder singer. His recordings have won multiple international record prizes and three Grammy awards, and he gives recitals regularly throughout Europe, North America, and Asia. He was awarded a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 2004. His recent books include Schubert’s Winter Journey: Anatomy of an Obsession and A Singer’s Notebook.

These essays started life as lectures, the Berlin Family Lectures at the University of Chicago, and I would like to start by expressing my thanks to the Berlin family and the University of Chicago for the invitation. It has been a precious opportunity to reflect. As a singer, I spent much of 2020 and 2021 unable to perform live music because of the COVID-19 pandemic. To that extent, like all performers worldwide, I have been forced to question an identity, a self, that has, for the past twenty or thirty years, been defined by getting up on stage and communicating music in physical proximity and real time to audiences in concert halls and opera houses.
I have had an unusual career in that before I became a professional singer in my late twenties I was an academic historian. The enforced silence of the last year has given me the opportunity to fall back on my identity as a historian and to think. It has given me the chance to delve deeper than I might otherwise have had the time to do into the backstories of some of the works of classical music that I have performed in the past, or have been thinking about performing in the future, by composers ranging from the Italian Renaissance (Claudio Monteverdi) to twentieth-century Britain (Benjamin Britten).

In these essays I will venture on a journey under the surface of those works, share my excavations, and ask questions about them that are not usually asked in the concert hall. The tradition of Western classical music, far from being moribund or culturally authoritarian, continues to be alive because it continually invites us to ask questions. The individual musical works I will explore prove to be fluid and open-ended while at the same time making us emotionally engage with the conflicts and contradictions of human experience—including power relations, whether gendered or colonial, and the way we confront the ultimate dissolution of self, death, something that has been at the forefront of our minds during a year and more of global pandemic. Music, at its best, embodies with peculiar force what the poet John Keats called “negative capability,” the creative ability to live with doubts and mysteries. It makes us think and at the same time it takes us beyond thought.

The question(ing) of identity is the starting point of these essays, but they remain essays: provisional, experimental, suggestive. They do not set out a thesis; they have no agenda. Improvisatory rather than systematically theorized, they aim to reveal or underline complexity, to add texture, to problematize. Drawing instinctively on my practice as a performer, I come to these issues not as a philosopher or social theorist but with a sense that personal identity is somehow formed out of an encounter between the self and what is outside the self; that it is both culturally constructed and inflected by intuitive subjectivity. If identity is in part performative, these essays are, in turn, offered as an open-ended performance in which I invite readers—the audience—to respond to their different strands, their themes and variations, as they would perhaps to a piece of music itself.

The first essay explores the ways in which vocal pieces by Monteverdi, Schumann, and Britten—none of them straight-forwardly operatic—can blur the boundaries of gender. In the second essay, I research the historical and political roots of a single song by Ravel from his Chansons madécasses (Songs of Madagascar) that has always both haunted and unnerved me. I hope to deepen and inform our response to it, to use it to reflect upon the past and the present by exploring its ambiguous and often disturbing context and the way it constructs and deconstructs colonial and “othered” identities. I end with death in the third essay because death is the end of everything, because music speaks to death, and because death is the absence in the face of which all human identity is constructed.
(...)
In these essays I want to look at a selection of diverse pieces that might benefit from having their presentation of identity problematized and historicized. It’s my conviction that this is both a practical and a moral issue. We owe it to both the past and to the present to understand the context from which art emerges, as part of that mysterious creative current that attempts to bind together in cultural catholicity the dead, the living, and the as yet unborn. I want to examine performative constructions of identity in music through the lens of gender, politics, or the ultimate paradoxical grounding and denial of identity, death. Works that seem difficult for us to perform, like Robert Schumann’s Romantic song cycle Frauenliebe und Leben, can be reimagined by taking a closer look at their origins. Works that have languished in an ideological exile like Ravel’s Chansons madécasses are not just aesthetic objects, for Ravel’s song cycle exists in a historical matrix that both opposes and is complicit in the European colonial enterprise. In these essays I will be looking at pieces that I have performed or that I might perform. In doing so, I want to raise questions, questions that help the past to inform the present, the present to inform the past, and that can enrich as well as interrogate performance.

Preface
1 Blurring Identities: Gender in Performance
2 Hidden Histories: Ventriloquism and Identity in Ravel’s Chansons madécasses
3 “These Fragments Have I Shored against My Ruins”: Meditations on Death
Acknowledgments
Notes
Index