This book takes a new and critical look at the underlying factors that affect the management of water resources, and its content is guided by three important visions. With the “theory” vision, the existing knowledge system for IWRM is reorganized in order to supplement new theories related to our society and science. We then introduce two distinctive case studies on how to achieve sustainable water management. Based on the “social implementation” vision, one study is carried out by the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature on Indonesia’s Bali Island, where there is a long history of educational and inspirational local-level water management systems with multistakeholder participation. A further study is based on the “harmony between science and society” vision, and the Ritsumeikan-Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, proposes innovative water recycling system for the sustainable development of Chongming Island, an eco-island that belongs to China. These two studies highlight “science with society”, a new perspective on science that could promisingly lead to more sustainable futures. This book offers a valuable reference guide for all stakeholders and scholars active in water resources management.