The Long-Range Atmospheric Transport of Natural and Contaminant Substances: Nato Science Series C:, cartea 297

Intoduction.- 1. Large-Scale Meteorological Regimes and Transport Processes:.- 1.1. Introduction.- 1.2. Long-range-Transport Overview.- 1.3. The Atmospheric Pathway.- 1.4. Concluding Remarks.- 1.5. References.- 2. The Long-Range Atmospheric Transport of Trace Elements a Critical Evaluation:.- 2.1. Overview.- 2.2. Atmospheric Trace Elements and their Sources.- 2.3. Trace-element Emissions to the Atmosphere.- 2.4. Atmospheric Trace-element Transport.- 2.5. Atmospheric Trace-element Scavenging.- 2.6. Trace-element Recycling Between the Atmosphere and Oceans.- 2.7. Trace-element Deposition.- 2.8. The Effects and Significance.- 2.9. References.- 3. Mineral-Aerosol Transport to the North Atlantic and North Pacific: the Impact of African and Asian Sources:.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. African Dust Transport Across the Tropical North Atlantic.- 3.3. Transport of Asian Dust Across the North Pacific.- 3.4. Discussion and Conclusions.- 3.5. References.- 4. The Intercontinental Transport of Sulfur and Nitrogen:.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Sulfur and Nitrogen Characteristics.- 4.3. The Long-range Transport of Sulfur and Nitrogen.- 4.4. Outlook for the Future.- 4.5. Conclusions.- 4.6. References.- 5. The Long-Range Transport of Organic Compounds:.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Analytical Aspects.- 5.3. Concentration Distribution.- 5.4. Rates of Atmospheric Deposition.- 5.5. Transformations.- 5.6. References.- 6. Arctic Air Pollution: A Case Study of Continent-to-Ocean-to-Continent Transport:.- 6.1. The Phenomenon of Arctic Air Pollution.- 6.2. Sulfur Transport into the Arctic.- 6.3. Knowledge Gaps and Future Research.- 6.4. References.- 7. Chernobyl: A Summary Case Study with Emphasis on the Transport and Deposition to Scandinavia:.- 7.1. Conclusions.- 7.2. References.- 8. Global Source Strength and Large-Range Atmospheric Transport of Trace Elements Emitted by Volcanic Activity:.- 8.1. Introduction.- 8.2. The Effect of Volcanoes on the Atmospheric Sulfur Budget.- 8.3. The Volcanic Sulfur Fall-out in Polar Snow and Ice.- 8.4. Volcanic Output of Trace Elements into the Atmosphere.- 8.5. 210Po/210Pb as a Tracer of the Long-range Transport of Volcanic Aerosols.- 8.6. Summary.- 8.7. References.- 9: The Long-Range Transport of Trace Elements: Four Case Studies:.- 9.1. Introduction.- 9.2. The Long-Range Transport of Trace Elements to the Arctic.- 9.3. The Long-Range Transport of Trace Elements to the Pacific Ocean.- 9.4. The Long-Range Transport of Trace Elements to the Mediterranean Sea.- 9.5. The Transport of Trace Elements Across the North Atlantic Ocean.- 9.6. Conclusions.- 9.7. Recommendations.- 9.8. References.- 10: The Long-Range Transport of Mineral Aerosols: Group Report:.- 10.1. Introduction.- 10.2. Sources and Emissions.- 10.3. Transport and Transformation.- 10.4. Deposition.- 10.5. The Significance and Impact of the Long-Range Transport of Dust.- 10.6. Conclusions and Recommendations.- 10.7. References.- 11: The Long-Range Transport of Sulfur and Nitrogen Compounds:.- 11.1. Introduction.- 11.2. Sources.- 11.3. Favorable Transport Conditions.- 11.4. Vertical Transport.- 11.5. Chemical Transformations.- 11.6. Deposition Processes.- 11.7. Case Studies.- 11.8. Uncertainties, Gaps, and Recommendations.- 11.9. References.- 12: The Long-Range Transport of Organic Compounds:.- 12.1. Introduction.- 12.2. Significance and Rationale.- 12.3. Sources.- 12.4. Transport.- 12.5. Deposition.- 12.6. Transformations.- 12.7. Recommendations.- 12.8. References.- 13: Conclusions:.- 13.1. Introduction.- 13.2. Trace Elements.- 13.3. Mineral Aerosols.- 13.4. Sulfur and Nitrogen.- 13.5. Organic Compounds.- 14: Gaps and Future Research Recommendations:.- 14.1. Gaps.- 14.2. Recommendations for Future Research.- Appendix Index.