Utilization of International Watercourses on the Korean Peninsula: Challenges and Prospects: International Water Law Series, cartea 10
Autor Yeonghwan Changen Limba Engleză Hardback – 7 iun 2023
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Specificații
ISBN-13: 9789004538382
ISBN-10: 9004538380
Pagini: 336
Dimensiuni: 155 x 235 mm
Greutate: 0 kg
Editura: Brill
Colecția Brill | Nijhoff
Seria International Water Law Series
ISBN-10: 9004538380
Pagini: 336
Dimensiuni: 155 x 235 mm
Greutate: 0 kg
Editura: Brill
Colecția Brill | Nijhoff
Seria International Water Law Series
Notă biografică
Yeonghwan Chang, JSD (2020), University of the Pacific, McGeorge School of Law, is a public official at the National Assembly Secretariat of the Republic of Korea. He has written reports on the bills and budgets at the various committees since 2005.
Cuprins
Preface
Acknowledgements
List of Figures and Tables
Abbreviations
1Introduction
2The Watercourses Shared by the Two Koreas
1 Overview
1.1Facts
1.1.1 The North Han River
1.1.2 The Imjin River
1.2Characteristics of the Watercourses Shared by the Two Koreas
1.2.1 Geographical Characteristics
1.2.2 Topographic Characteristics
1.2.3 Climate Change and Meteorological Characteristics
1.2.4 Military Confrontation Area
1.3The Importance of International Watercourses on the Korean Peninsula
1.3.1 Heartland of the Korean Peninsula
1.3.2 Wildlife Sanctuary and Biodiversity Repository
1.3.3 Water Source of the Metropolitan Area
1.3.4 Power Source through Hydropower Generation
1.3.5 Conservation of Cultural Heritages and Tourism
2 The Distinctive Features of Inter-Korean Relations
2.1History of the Two Koreas
2.2The Dual Nature of Inter-Korean Relations
2.2.1 The Constitution and the Laws in South Korea
2.2.2 The Inter-Korean Basic Agreement
2.2.3 Joining the UN
2.3How Should We Deal with the Shared Watercourses Issues between the Two Koreas?
2.3.1 What Is an International Watercourse?
2.3.2 The Relations between the Two Koreas on the Shared Watercourses
2.3.3 East-West German Relations
2.3.4 Are the Watercourses Shared by the Two Koreas International Watercourses?
3International Water Law and Cases
1 International Water Disputes
1.1Water in the World
1.2International Watercourses in the World
1.3Water Disputes and Cooperation over International Watercourses
2 Development of International Water Law
2.1Sources of International Law
2.2Formation of International Water Law
2.2.1 Overview
2.2.2 The Helsinki Rules on the Uses of the Waters of International Rivers (1966)
2.2.3 Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses (1997)
3 General Principles of International Water Law
3.1Theories and Doctrines of International Water Law
3.1.1 Theory of Absolute Territorial Sovereignty
3.1.2 Theory of Absolute Territorial Integrity
3.1.3 Theory of Limited Territorial Sovereignty
3.1.4 Theory of Community of Interest
3.2Principles of International Water Law
3.2.1 Substantive Obligations
3.2.2 Procedural Obligations
4 The Cases
4.1The Diversion of Water from the Meuse Case (1937)
4.1.1 Facts
4.1.2 Summary of the Judgment
4.1.3 Lesson
4.2Trail Smelter Case (1938)
4.2.1 Facts
4.2.2 Summary of the Judgment
4.2.3 Lesson
4.3Lake Lanoux Arbitration Case (1957)
4.3.1 Facts
4.3.2 Summary of the Judgment
4.3.3 Lesson
4.4Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project Case (1997)
4.4.1 Facts
4.4.2 Summary of the Judgment
4.4.3 Lesson
4.5Pulp Mills Case (2010)
4.5.1 Facts
4.5.2 Summary of the Judgment
4.5.3 Lesson
4Water Dispute on the Korean Peninsula
1 Water Dispute History
1.1The North Han River Basin
1.1.1 North Korea’s Dam Construction
1.1.2 Effects of the Dam’s Construction in the North Korean Territory
1.1.3 South Korea’s Dam Construction in Response
1.2The Imjin River Basin
1.2.1 North Korea’s Dam Construction
1.2.2 Effects of Dam Construction in North Korean Territory
1.2.3 South Korea’s Dam Construction in Response
1.2.4 South Korea’s Other Actions
2 North Korea’s Actions under the International Law
2.1North Korea’s Limited Water Rights
2.2North Korea’s Actions Affect South Korea
2.3The Breach of the International Law
2.3.1 Breach of the Obligation to Consult with Other Riparian States
2.3.2 Breach of the Principle of Equitable and Reasonable Utilization
2.3.3 Breach of the Obligation Not to Cause Significant Harm
2.3.4 Breach of the Obligation to Cooperate
2.3.5 Breach of the Obligation to Protect International Watercourses and Their Ecosystems
2.3.6 Breach of the Obligation of Prior Notification
2.4The Limitation of the International Law
2.4.1 Dispute Settlement under the International Law
2.4.2 Limitation
2.4.3 Lesson
5Proposal for the Improved Cooperative Management of Korea’s International Watercourses
1 Necessities of the Improved Cooperative Management
1.1Limitation of Solution Under International Law
1.2Cooperation for Disaster Prevention
1.3Conflict caused by the Decrease in Water Volume
1.4The Conservation of Biodiversity
1.5The Establishment of Peace on the Korean Peninsula
1.5.1 Building Trust between the Two Koreas and Easing Military Tension
1.5.2 First Step Toward Revitalizing Inter-Korean Exchange and Cooperation
2 Cooperative Management Efforts
2.1The North Han River
2.1.1 Background
2.1.2 Progress
2.1.3 Results
2.2The Imjin River
2.2.1 Background
2.2.2 Progress
2.2.3 Results
2.3The Joint Investigation of the Han River Estuary
2.3.1 Background
2.3.2 Progress
2.3.3 Results
2.4Joint Cooperative Body in the Past
2.4.1 The Imjin River Flood Control Council
2.4.2 The Office of Inter-Korean Dialogue
2.5Conclusion
3 Obstacles to Successful Cooperation between the Two Koreas
3.1General Reason
3.1.1 Constraints Factor on Trust Formation
3.1.2 Conflicts of Interest
3.1.3 Sovereignty
3.1.4 Limitations on Enforcement
3.2Military Confrontation
3.2.1 dmz
3.2.2 Landmines
3.3Concern about Regime Collapse
3.4Sanctions against North Korea
3.4.1 International Level
3.4.2 Domestic Level
3.5Legal and Institutional Restrictions
3.5.1 Land Use Regulation
3.5.2 Regulation Concerning Inter-Korean Relations
3.5.3 Problems with the South Korean Legal Framework
3.6Financial Burden
3.7National Consensus
4 Cooperation Cases Studies on the International Watercourses
4.1United Germany
4.1.1 Background
4.1.2 Progress
4.1.3 Specific Cases
4.1.4 Lesson
4.2North Korea, China, and Russia
4.2.1 Facts
4.2.2 Border River Management between North Korea and China
4.2.3 Border River Management between North Korea and Russia
4.2.4 Lesson
4.3The United States and Canada
4.3.1 Background
4.3.2 The Boundary Waters Treaty
4.3.3 The International Joint Commission
4.3.4 The Columbia River Treaty
4.3.5 Lesson
4.4The United States and Mexico
4.4.1 Background
4.4.2 The International Boundary and Water Commission (ibwc)
4.4.3 Treaties and Minutes
4.4.4 Lesson
4.5The States on the Mekong River Basin
4.5.1 Facts
4.5.2 Water Conflicts
4.5.3 The Mekong River Commission
4.5.4 Lesson
5 Strategies for Improved Cooperative Management
5.1Step-by-Step Approach
5.1.1 Pursue in Line with the Development Stage of Inter-Korean Relations.
5.1.2 Start with Small and Short-Term Projects
5.1.3 North Korea’s Needs and Interests First
5.1.4 Start with the Technical Field
5.1.5 Pursue in Line with International Sanctions
5.2Package-Driven Approach: Linkage between Projects
5.2.1 Interdisciplinary Resources
5.2.2 Linkage Between Upstream and Downstream Issues
5.2.3 Baskets of Benefits: Win-Win Strategy
5.3Multilateral Approach
5.3.1 Inter-Korean Economic Cooperation
5.3.2 Local Governments
5.3.3 Establishing a Foundation for Promoting Exchange and Cooperation in the Private Sector
5.3.4 International Organization and ngo
5.4Within the Framework of Unification Policy and National Territory Policy
5.4.1 Efficient Utilization of National Land
5.4.2 Comprehensive National Land Plan
5.4.3 Comprehensive Development Plan in the Border Area
5.4.4 To the Extent that the Environment Is Not Damaged
6 Specific Cooperation Project
6.1Disaster Prevention
6.2Cooperation in Using the Shared Water Resources
6.3Joint Hydrological Investigation and Data Sharing
6.4Uniformity of Metrological and Technical Standards
6.5Technical Aid (Including Dam Repair or New Power Generation Facility Installation)
6.6Forest Restoration
6.7Conservation and Utilization of Ecosystems
6.8Preservation and Restoration of Historic Sites
7 Way to Improve Operational Efficiency
7.1Setting Up a Joint Management Plan
7.2Necessity to Conclude a Treaty
7.3Efficient Joint Cooperative Management Body: Standing Border Commission
8 Role of the National Assembly
8.1Overview
8.1.1 Legislative Facts
8.1.2 Importance of Legislation
8.1.3 Legislative Trends in the National Assembly
8.1.4 Ambiguity of the Law
8.2Areas that Require Legislative Efforts
8.2.1 Joint Water Resources Management
8.2.2 Inter-Korean Communication and Cooperation
8.2.3 Financial Support
8.2.4 Special Economic Zone or Special Administrative Zone
8.2.5 Joint Inter-Korean Border Commission
8.3Special Committee on Inter-Korean Affairs in the National Assembly
6Conclusion
Bibliography
Index
Acknowledgements
List of Figures and Tables
Abbreviations
1Introduction
2The Watercourses Shared by the Two Koreas
1 Overview
1.1Facts
1.1.1 The North Han River
1.1.2 The Imjin River
1.2Characteristics of the Watercourses Shared by the Two Koreas
1.2.1 Geographical Characteristics
1.2.2 Topographic Characteristics
1.2.3 Climate Change and Meteorological Characteristics
1.2.4 Military Confrontation Area
1.3The Importance of International Watercourses on the Korean Peninsula
1.3.1 Heartland of the Korean Peninsula
1.3.2 Wildlife Sanctuary and Biodiversity Repository
1.3.3 Water Source of the Metropolitan Area
1.3.4 Power Source through Hydropower Generation
1.3.5 Conservation of Cultural Heritages and Tourism
2 The Distinctive Features of Inter-Korean Relations
2.1History of the Two Koreas
2.2The Dual Nature of Inter-Korean Relations
2.2.1 The Constitution and the Laws in South Korea
2.2.2 The Inter-Korean Basic Agreement
2.2.3 Joining the UN
2.3How Should We Deal with the Shared Watercourses Issues between the Two Koreas?
2.3.1 What Is an International Watercourse?
2.3.2 The Relations between the Two Koreas on the Shared Watercourses
2.3.3 East-West German Relations
2.3.4 Are the Watercourses Shared by the Two Koreas International Watercourses?
3International Water Law and Cases
1 International Water Disputes
1.1Water in the World
1.2International Watercourses in the World
1.3Water Disputes and Cooperation over International Watercourses
2 Development of International Water Law
2.1Sources of International Law
2.2Formation of International Water Law
2.2.1 Overview
2.2.2 The Helsinki Rules on the Uses of the Waters of International Rivers (1966)
2.2.3 Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses (1997)
3 General Principles of International Water Law
3.1Theories and Doctrines of International Water Law
3.1.1 Theory of Absolute Territorial Sovereignty
3.1.2 Theory of Absolute Territorial Integrity
3.1.3 Theory of Limited Territorial Sovereignty
3.1.4 Theory of Community of Interest
3.2Principles of International Water Law
3.2.1 Substantive Obligations
3.2.2 Procedural Obligations
4 The Cases
4.1The Diversion of Water from the Meuse Case (1937)
4.1.1 Facts
4.1.2 Summary of the Judgment
4.1.3 Lesson
4.2Trail Smelter Case (1938)
4.2.1 Facts
4.2.2 Summary of the Judgment
4.2.3 Lesson
4.3Lake Lanoux Arbitration Case (1957)
4.3.1 Facts
4.3.2 Summary of the Judgment
4.3.3 Lesson
4.4Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project Case (1997)
4.4.1 Facts
4.4.2 Summary of the Judgment
4.4.3 Lesson
4.5Pulp Mills Case (2010)
4.5.1 Facts
4.5.2 Summary of the Judgment
4.5.3 Lesson
4Water Dispute on the Korean Peninsula
1 Water Dispute History
1.1The North Han River Basin
1.1.1 North Korea’s Dam Construction
1.1.2 Effects of the Dam’s Construction in the North Korean Territory
1.1.3 South Korea’s Dam Construction in Response
1.2The Imjin River Basin
1.2.1 North Korea’s Dam Construction
1.2.2 Effects of Dam Construction in North Korean Territory
1.2.3 South Korea’s Dam Construction in Response
1.2.4 South Korea’s Other Actions
2 North Korea’s Actions under the International Law
2.1North Korea’s Limited Water Rights
2.2North Korea’s Actions Affect South Korea
2.3The Breach of the International Law
2.3.1 Breach of the Obligation to Consult with Other Riparian States
2.3.2 Breach of the Principle of Equitable and Reasonable Utilization
2.3.3 Breach of the Obligation Not to Cause Significant Harm
2.3.4 Breach of the Obligation to Cooperate
2.3.5 Breach of the Obligation to Protect International Watercourses and Their Ecosystems
2.3.6 Breach of the Obligation of Prior Notification
2.4The Limitation of the International Law
2.4.1 Dispute Settlement under the International Law
2.4.2 Limitation
2.4.3 Lesson
5Proposal for the Improved Cooperative Management of Korea’s International Watercourses
1 Necessities of the Improved Cooperative Management
1.1Limitation of Solution Under International Law
1.2Cooperation for Disaster Prevention
1.3Conflict caused by the Decrease in Water Volume
1.4The Conservation of Biodiversity
1.5The Establishment of Peace on the Korean Peninsula
1.5.1 Building Trust between the Two Koreas and Easing Military Tension
1.5.2 First Step Toward Revitalizing Inter-Korean Exchange and Cooperation
2 Cooperative Management Efforts
2.1The North Han River
2.1.1 Background
2.1.2 Progress
2.1.3 Results
2.2The Imjin River
2.2.1 Background
2.2.2 Progress
2.2.3 Results
2.3The Joint Investigation of the Han River Estuary
2.3.1 Background
2.3.2 Progress
2.3.3 Results
2.4Joint Cooperative Body in the Past
2.4.1 The Imjin River Flood Control Council
2.4.2 The Office of Inter-Korean Dialogue
2.5Conclusion
3 Obstacles to Successful Cooperation between the Two Koreas
3.1General Reason
3.1.1 Constraints Factor on Trust Formation
3.1.2 Conflicts of Interest
3.1.3 Sovereignty
3.1.4 Limitations on Enforcement
3.2Military Confrontation
3.2.1 dmz
3.2.2 Landmines
3.3Concern about Regime Collapse
3.4Sanctions against North Korea
3.4.1 International Level
3.4.2 Domestic Level
3.5Legal and Institutional Restrictions
3.5.1 Land Use Regulation
3.5.2 Regulation Concerning Inter-Korean Relations
3.5.3 Problems with the South Korean Legal Framework
3.6Financial Burden
3.7National Consensus
4 Cooperation Cases Studies on the International Watercourses
4.1United Germany
4.1.1 Background
4.1.2 Progress
4.1.3 Specific Cases
4.1.4 Lesson
4.2North Korea, China, and Russia
4.2.1 Facts
4.2.2 Border River Management between North Korea and China
4.2.3 Border River Management between North Korea and Russia
4.2.4 Lesson
4.3The United States and Canada
4.3.1 Background
4.3.2 The Boundary Waters Treaty
4.3.3 The International Joint Commission
4.3.4 The Columbia River Treaty
4.3.5 Lesson
4.4The United States and Mexico
4.4.1 Background
4.4.2 The International Boundary and Water Commission (ibwc)
4.4.3 Treaties and Minutes
4.4.4 Lesson
4.5The States on the Mekong River Basin
4.5.1 Facts
4.5.2 Water Conflicts
4.5.3 The Mekong River Commission
4.5.4 Lesson
5 Strategies for Improved Cooperative Management
5.1Step-by-Step Approach
5.1.1 Pursue in Line with the Development Stage of Inter-Korean Relations.
5.1.2 Start with Small and Short-Term Projects
5.1.3 North Korea’s Needs and Interests First
5.1.4 Start with the Technical Field
5.1.5 Pursue in Line with International Sanctions
5.2Package-Driven Approach: Linkage between Projects
5.2.1 Interdisciplinary Resources
5.2.2 Linkage Between Upstream and Downstream Issues
5.2.3 Baskets of Benefits: Win-Win Strategy
5.3Multilateral Approach
5.3.1 Inter-Korean Economic Cooperation
5.3.2 Local Governments
5.3.3 Establishing a Foundation for Promoting Exchange and Cooperation in the Private Sector
5.3.4 International Organization and ngo
5.4Within the Framework of Unification Policy and National Territory Policy
5.4.1 Efficient Utilization of National Land
5.4.2 Comprehensive National Land Plan
5.4.3 Comprehensive Development Plan in the Border Area
5.4.4 To the Extent that the Environment Is Not Damaged
6 Specific Cooperation Project
6.1Disaster Prevention
6.2Cooperation in Using the Shared Water Resources
6.3Joint Hydrological Investigation and Data Sharing
6.4Uniformity of Metrological and Technical Standards
6.5Technical Aid (Including Dam Repair or New Power Generation Facility Installation)
6.6Forest Restoration
6.7Conservation and Utilization of Ecosystems
6.8Preservation and Restoration of Historic Sites
7 Way to Improve Operational Efficiency
7.1Setting Up a Joint Management Plan
7.2Necessity to Conclude a Treaty
7.3Efficient Joint Cooperative Management Body: Standing Border Commission
8 Role of the National Assembly
8.1Overview
8.1.1 Legislative Facts
8.1.2 Importance of Legislation
8.1.3 Legislative Trends in the National Assembly
8.1.4 Ambiguity of the Law
8.2Areas that Require Legislative Efforts
8.2.1 Joint Water Resources Management
8.2.2 Inter-Korean Communication and Cooperation
8.2.3 Financial Support
8.2.4 Special Economic Zone or Special Administrative Zone
8.2.5 Joint Inter-Korean Border Commission
8.3Special Committee on Inter-Korean Affairs in the National Assembly
6Conclusion
Bibliography
Index