Written for both public and investor-owned utilities, AWWA M29 Water Utility Capital Financing, Fourth edition addresses both traditional and innovative utility financing alternatives to meet both short- and long-term capital requirements. M29 covers timely concerns such as inflation, growth-related demands, the impacts of public pressure to keep rates low, and new financing options and considerations. This manual should primarily be considered as a guide for determining capital requirements, strategic planning, and financing alternatives. It also provides general information for those utilities considering the issuance of long-term debt. M29 includes appendices on Applying Risk Assessment to Asset Management, Comparison of Capital Financing Scenarios, and Rating Agency Requirements. The manual also includes informative tables and figures, a glossary, references, and additional sources of information.