Writing with Precision: How to Write So That You Cannot Possibly Be Misunderstood
Autor Jefferson D. Batesen Limba Engleză Paperback – 31 mar 2000 – vârsta de la 18 ani
One of the most popular and respected style guides ever written, this handbook by a seasoned writer with more than forty years of experience offers ten principles and seven axioms that professional writers use to express their thoughts clearly and effectively. This latest edition is expanded to include an extensive glossary of American idiomatic expressions, developed to assist users from other backgrounds and cultures; new chapters with tips on little-known facts of usage, such as compound words, hyphenation, numeration, and capitalization; and explanations of technical problems encountered in writing and editing with tips and exercises to help solve them. For anyone faced with the challenges of written English, Writing with Precision can help readers write more clearly, more effectively, and more precisely than they ever have.
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Specificații
ISBN-13: 9780140288537
ISBN-10: 0140288538
Pagini: 352
Dimensiuni: 127 x 195 x 16 mm
Greutate: 0.35 kg
Editura: Penguin Books
ISBN-10: 0140288538
Pagini: 352
Dimensiuni: 127 x 195 x 16 mm
Greutate: 0.35 kg
Editura: Penguin Books
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Cuprins
Credo
Preface to the Penguin Edition
Preface
Acknowledgments
About This Book... Who Needs It?
Part 1: Writing with Precision
1. Introduction
Can Good Writing Be Taught?
What Is Good "Useful" Writing?
Why the Confusion About "Good Usage"?
Why Bother to Write Better?
The Economics of Clear Writing
The Life You Save...
Getting Down to Brass Tacks
Copyreading Marks
2. The Craft of the Editor
Introduction
Duties and Responsibilities of the Writer: A Preview
Duties and Responsibilities of the Editor: A Preview
Checklist of Editorial DOs and DON'Ts
The "Rules" of Editing
Ten Principles for Improving Clarity and Precision of Written Documents
Editing Your Own Copy—Hardest Editorial Task of All
Checklist of Steps in Revising or Self-Editing
3. Editing for Strength
Introduction
Definitions of Active and Passive Voice
Make Every Word Count
An Unwritten Rule?
When Should You Use a Passive Construction?
PRINCIPLE ONE: Prefer the active voice.
Smothered Verbs
PRINCIPLE TWO: Don't make nouns out of good, strong "working verbs."
4. Editing for Conciseness and Clarity Introduction
Why Is Conciseness So Important?
PRINCIPLE THREE: Be concise. Cut out all excess baggage. Keep your average sentence length under 20 words.
Too Much of a Good Thing?
5. The Quest for Clarity
Introduction
Checklist: How to Keep Writing "In Focus"
Clarity Is Everything
PRINCIPLE FOUR: Be specific. Use concrete terms instead of generalizations.
Don't Sacrifice Clarity in Your Quest for Speed
Abstraction—the Enemy of Clarity
Use the Right Name for Things
The Ladder of Abstraction
6. The Quest for Precision
Introduction
The Importance of Word Order in the English Language
Ambiguity
PRINCIPLE FIVE: Keep related sentence elements together; keep unrelated elements apart. Place modifiers as close as possible to the words they are intended to modify.
Misplaced Modifiers
Look Out for "Only"
Dangling Modifiers
Squinting Modifiers
Consistency
PRINCIPLE SIX: Avoid unnecessary shifts of number, tense, subject, voice, or point of view.
7. The Right Word
Introduction
Choosing the "Right Word"
Good English Is Appropriate English
PRINCIPLE SEVEN: Prefer the simple word to the far-fetched, and the right word to the almost right.
The evils of elegant variation
PRINCIPLE EIGHT: Don't repeat a word or words unnecessarily. But don't hesitate to repeat when the repetition will increase clarity.
Reference Works
8. How to Make Order Out of Chaos
Introduction
Parallelism
PRINCIPLE NINE: Make sentence elements that are parallel in thought parallel in form. But do not use parallelism to express thoughts that are not parallel.
Making Logical Arrangements
PRINCIPLE TEN: Arrange your material logically. Always begin with ideas the reader can readily understand. If you must present difficult material, go one step at a time.
Checklist for Logical Arrangement
9. How to Write Letters and Memos
Introduction
AXIOM ONE: Do not write without good reason.
Plain Letters
Applying the 4-S Formula
More Advice on Letter Writing
The Importance of Tone
Checklist of Common Mistakes to Guard Against
Don't Be Obsequious or Phony
The "You" Attitude
Using "Word Softeners"
Is Tone Always Important?
10. Know Your Audience
Introduction
AXIOM TWO: Slant your presentation for your audience.
Checklist for Audience Analysis
Analyzing Your Reader(s)
Writing for the "Average" Reader
11. Getting and Holding the Reader's Attention
Introduction
AXIOM THREE: Get straight to the point.
Exceptions to the rule.
12. How to Do "How-to-do-its"
Introduction
AXIOM FOUR: Show the reader!
Checklist for Writing Instructions
How to Describe Simultaneous Operations
13. How to Write Regulations
Introduction
Check with the Legal Staff
Some Steps in the Right Direction
Cutting Out the Legalistic Jargon
The Rules for Shall and Will
The Rules for Must and Should
Checklist for Writing Regulations
Exception Disclosures
Consistency
AXIOM FIVE: Be consistent.
14. How to Write Reports
What's the Problem?
Getting Started
Taking Notes: It's in the Cards!
Visualizing the Final Report
Using Footnotes, Credits, and References
Using Copyrighted Material
Summing Up
15. The Easy Way to Outline
Why the Old-fashioned Outline Often Doesn't Work
Checklist: The Easy Way to Outline
16. How to Write Like a Pro
Establishing Good Writing Habits
Pat Jones's Advice
Production Rates for Writers
AXIOM SIX: Rewrite—rewrite—rewrite!
The Mechanics of Writing Production
AXIOM SEVEN: Allow in your planning for production delays
Deadlines and supervisors
17. Retaining and Using Your New Knowledge
Training Is Big Business
Some Ways to Help You Remember—and Use—Your New Knowledge and Skills
The Big Secret of Learning and Remembering
Information
On to the Millennium
Books on Cards
Books on Tape
Department of Anticlimax
Epitaph
Part 2: Editing (and Self-Editing) with Precision
18. An Editor's Credo
What Is an Editor's Job?
19. Hyphenation and Word Compounding
Doormats, Floormats, and Fruitflies
So What's the Problem?
Research
Getting Down to Common-Sense Principles
Common-Sense Principle Number One
Common-Sense Principle Two
Common-Sense Principle Three
Common-Sense Principle Four
20. Avoid "Second Cousin" Words
Second Cousins and Lightning Bugs
21. Capital Crimes
To Cap or Not to Cap?
Using Style Manuals
Top Editorial Priority: Reader Understanding
Why Do We Use Caps, Anyway?
A "Sea Story" from Space
22. Vogue Words and Technical Jargon
A Definition of Terms
Changing Patterns of Language
The Two Cultures
Common-Sense Principles—Vogue Words and Technical Terms
23. Tell Me Not in Mournful Numbers
Figures? Or Words?
Numbers Speak Louder Than Words
Numbers and Cases
Billions and Billions and Billions
All Numbers Great and Small
24. The Dangerfield Syndrome
Must We Die to Get Respect?
Dictums from a Newspaper Stylebook
Manners of Style? Or Style of Manners?
For Example?
Once More Unto the Breach!
25. Writers and Editors—Can't We Be Friends?
Crotchets, Anyone?
Two Words Better Than One?
Blue Pencils and Blue Language
How Far, O Lord, How Far?
Two Schools of Thought
Pride of Ownership
Part 3: Handbook
How to Use the Handbook
Alphabetical Listings
Part 4: Exercises
Suggested Answers
About the Contributors
Recommended Reading
Bibliography
Index
Preface to the Penguin Edition
Preface
Acknowledgments
About This Book... Who Needs It?
Part 1: Writing with Precision
1. Introduction
Can Good Writing Be Taught?
What Is Good "Useful" Writing?
Why the Confusion About "Good Usage"?
Why Bother to Write Better?
The Economics of Clear Writing
The Life You Save...
Getting Down to Brass Tacks
Copyreading Marks
2. The Craft of the Editor
Introduction
Duties and Responsibilities of the Writer: A Preview
Duties and Responsibilities of the Editor: A Preview
Checklist of Editorial DOs and DON'Ts
The "Rules" of Editing
Ten Principles for Improving Clarity and Precision of Written Documents
Editing Your Own Copy—Hardest Editorial Task of All
Checklist of Steps in Revising or Self-Editing
3. Editing for Strength
Introduction
Definitions of Active and Passive Voice
Make Every Word Count
An Unwritten Rule?
When Should You Use a Passive Construction?
PRINCIPLE ONE: Prefer the active voice.
Smothered Verbs
PRINCIPLE TWO: Don't make nouns out of good, strong "working verbs."
4. Editing for Conciseness and Clarity Introduction
Why Is Conciseness So Important?
PRINCIPLE THREE: Be concise. Cut out all excess baggage. Keep your average sentence length under 20 words.
Too Much of a Good Thing?
5. The Quest for Clarity
Introduction
Checklist: How to Keep Writing "In Focus"
Clarity Is Everything
PRINCIPLE FOUR: Be specific. Use concrete terms instead of generalizations.
Don't Sacrifice Clarity in Your Quest for Speed
Abstraction—the Enemy of Clarity
Use the Right Name for Things
The Ladder of Abstraction
6. The Quest for Precision
Introduction
The Importance of Word Order in the English Language
Ambiguity
PRINCIPLE FIVE: Keep related sentence elements together; keep unrelated elements apart. Place modifiers as close as possible to the words they are intended to modify.
Misplaced Modifiers
Look Out for "Only"
Dangling Modifiers
Squinting Modifiers
Consistency
PRINCIPLE SIX: Avoid unnecessary shifts of number, tense, subject, voice, or point of view.
7. The Right Word
Introduction
Choosing the "Right Word"
Good English Is Appropriate English
PRINCIPLE SEVEN: Prefer the simple word to the far-fetched, and the right word to the almost right.
The evils of elegant variation
PRINCIPLE EIGHT: Don't repeat a word or words unnecessarily. But don't hesitate to repeat when the repetition will increase clarity.
Reference Works
8. How to Make Order Out of Chaos
Introduction
Parallelism
PRINCIPLE NINE: Make sentence elements that are parallel in thought parallel in form. But do not use parallelism to express thoughts that are not parallel.
Making Logical Arrangements
PRINCIPLE TEN: Arrange your material logically. Always begin with ideas the reader can readily understand. If you must present difficult material, go one step at a time.
Checklist for Logical Arrangement
9. How to Write Letters and Memos
Introduction
AXIOM ONE: Do not write without good reason.
Plain Letters
Applying the 4-S Formula
More Advice on Letter Writing
The Importance of Tone
Checklist of Common Mistakes to Guard Against
Don't Be Obsequious or Phony
The "You" Attitude
Using "Word Softeners"
Is Tone Always Important?
10. Know Your Audience
Introduction
AXIOM TWO: Slant your presentation for your audience.
Checklist for Audience Analysis
Analyzing Your Reader(s)
Writing for the "Average" Reader
11. Getting and Holding the Reader's Attention
Introduction
AXIOM THREE: Get straight to the point.
Exceptions to the rule.
12. How to Do "How-to-do-its"
Introduction
AXIOM FOUR: Show the reader!
Checklist for Writing Instructions
How to Describe Simultaneous Operations
13. How to Write Regulations
Introduction
Check with the Legal Staff
Some Steps in the Right Direction
Cutting Out the Legalistic Jargon
The Rules for Shall and Will
The Rules for Must and Should
Checklist for Writing Regulations
Exception Disclosures
Consistency
AXIOM FIVE: Be consistent.
14. How to Write Reports
What's the Problem?
Getting Started
Taking Notes: It's in the Cards!
Visualizing the Final Report
Using Footnotes, Credits, and References
Using Copyrighted Material
Summing Up
15. The Easy Way to Outline
Why the Old-fashioned Outline Often Doesn't Work
Checklist: The Easy Way to Outline
16. How to Write Like a Pro
Establishing Good Writing Habits
Pat Jones's Advice
Production Rates for Writers
AXIOM SIX: Rewrite—rewrite—rewrite!
The Mechanics of Writing Production
AXIOM SEVEN: Allow in your planning for production delays
Deadlines and supervisors
17. Retaining and Using Your New Knowledge
Training Is Big Business
Some Ways to Help You Remember—and Use—Your New Knowledge and Skills
The Big Secret of Learning and Remembering
Information
On to the Millennium
Books on Cards
Books on Tape
Department of Anticlimax
Epitaph
Part 2: Editing (and Self-Editing) with Precision
18. An Editor's Credo
What Is an Editor's Job?
19. Hyphenation and Word Compounding
Doormats, Floormats, and Fruitflies
So What's the Problem?
Research
Getting Down to Common-Sense Principles
Common-Sense Principle Number One
Common-Sense Principle Two
Common-Sense Principle Three
Common-Sense Principle Four
20. Avoid "Second Cousin" Words
Second Cousins and Lightning Bugs
21. Capital Crimes
To Cap or Not to Cap?
Using Style Manuals
Top Editorial Priority: Reader Understanding
Why Do We Use Caps, Anyway?
A "Sea Story" from Space
22. Vogue Words and Technical Jargon
A Definition of Terms
Changing Patterns of Language
The Two Cultures
Common-Sense Principles—Vogue Words and Technical Terms
23. Tell Me Not in Mournful Numbers
Figures? Or Words?
Numbers Speak Louder Than Words
Numbers and Cases
Billions and Billions and Billions
All Numbers Great and Small
24. The Dangerfield Syndrome
Must We Die to Get Respect?
Dictums from a Newspaper Stylebook
Manners of Style? Or Style of Manners?
For Example?
Once More Unto the Breach!
25. Writers and Editors—Can't We Be Friends?
Crotchets, Anyone?
Two Words Better Than One?
Blue Pencils and Blue Language
How Far, O Lord, How Far?
Two Schools of Thought
Pride of Ownership
Part 3: Handbook
How to Use the Handbook
Alphabetical Listings
Part 4: Exercises
Suggested Answers
About the Contributors
Recommended Reading
Bibliography
Index
Notă biografică
Jefferson D. Bates has served as Editorial Director of the Air Force "Readable Writing" Program, and as the Chief of NASA's speechwriting group. After leaving government service, he became president and CEO of Speak/Write Systems, Inc., a firm specializing in teaching writing and speaking skills. The author of five nonfiction books, he lives in Reston, Virginia.