This volume includes six chapters detailing recent advances in medicine and biology. Chapter One provides an overview of protein changes that occur in patients on peritoneal dialysis treatment. Chapter Two evaluates the active production of superoxide anions by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor using Cypridina luciferin analogue-dependent chemiluminescence. Chapter Three focuses on a combination of polymers for mimicking biological, chemical, and physicomechanical properties of the extracellular matrix. Chapter Four examines visual interventions for children with developmental dyslexia. Chapter Five suggests that a comprehensive repertoire of signalling and metabolic remodelling mechanisms may explain the evolutionary resilience of bacteria over geological eons. Lastly, Chapter Six analyses measurements of the proton spin-lattice relaxation rate in malignant and non-malignant ascites.