Biosurfactants and Sustainability – From Biorefineries Production to Versatile Applications

Paulo Ricardo Franco Marcelino, PhD, Biotechnology Department, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Brazil. Silvio Silverio da Silva, PhD, Biotechnology Department, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Brazil. Antonio Ortiz Lopez, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Murcia, Spain.

List of Contributors xi Foreword xv Introduction 1 Paulo Ricardo Franco Marcelino, Carlos Augusto Ramos, Guilherme de Oliveira Silva, Ramiro Reyes Guzman, Silvio Silverio da Silva, and Antonio Ortiz Lopez Biosurfactants: Concept, Biological Functions, Classification, General Properties and Applications 1 1 Microorganisms Producing Biosurfactants in the Current Scenario 11 Fernanda Palladino, Rita C.L.B. Rodrigues, Yasmim Senden dos Santos, and Carlos A. Rosa 1.1 Introduction 11 1.2 Microbial Biosurfactants 12 1.2.1 Structure and Classification of Biosurfactants 12 1.2.2 Biosurfactants Producing Yeasts 14 1.2.3 Biosurfactants Produced by Extremophile Microorganisms 17 1.3 Industrial Applications of Biosurfactants 18 References 20 2 Selection of Biosurfactant-Producing Microorganisms 29 Julio Bonilla Jaime, Luis Galarza Romero, and Jonathan Coronel León 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Traditional Methods of Detection 30 2.2.1 Direct Measure of Surface/interfacial Activity 31 2.2.2 Indirect Measure of Surface/interfacial Activity 32 2.2.3 EffectsofCultureMediaBasedonAgro-industrialBy-productsonProperties of BS 34 2.3 High-throughputAnalysisMethodfortheScreeningofPotentialBiosurfactants Producers 35 2.4 Screening of Microorganisms Biosurfactants and Lipases Producers 40 2.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 45 References 46 3 Metabolic Engineering as a Tool for Biosurfactant Production by Microorganisms 61 Roberta Barros Lovaglio, Vinícius Luiz da Silva, and Jonas Contiero 3.1 Metabolic Engineering and Biosurfactants 61 3.2 Regulation and Heterologous Production of Biosurfactants 63 3.3 Extension of Substrate Range for Biosurfactant Production 67 3.4 Improvement of Overall Cellular Physiology 68 3.5 Elimination or Reduction of By-product 69 3.6 Future Perspectives 69 3.7 Conclusions 70 References 71 4 Biosurfactant Production in the Context of Biorefineries 77 Paulo Ricardo Franco Marcelino, Carlos Augusto Ramos, Maria Teresa Ramos, Renan Murbach Pereira, Rafael Rodrigues Philippini, Emily Emy Matsumura, and Silvio Silvério da Silva 4.1 Biorefineries in Contemporary Society 77 4.2 Biomass and Biorefineries: Industrial By-products as Raw Materials for Biorefineries 78 4.3 Biosurfactant Production in the Context of Lignocellulosic Biorefineries 80 4.4 Biosurfactant Production in the Context of Oleaginous Biorefineries 85 4.5 Biosurfactant Production in the Context of Starchy and Biodiesel Biorefineries 87 4.6 Conclusion 88 References 88 5 Biosurfactant Production by Solid-state Fermentation in Biorefineries 95 Daylin Rubio-Ribeaux, Rogger Alessandro Mata da Costa, Dayana Montero Rodríguez, Nathália Sá Alencar do Amaral Marques, Gilda Mariano Silva, and Silvio Silvério da Silva 5.1 Introduction 95 5.2 Advantages of Biosurfactant Production by Solid-State Fermentation 96 5.3 Suitable Biomasses for Biosurfactant Production in Biorefineries 96 5.4 Microorganisms Used in Biosurfactant Production by Solid-state Fermentation 98 5.5 Raw Materials Used in Solid-state Fermentation for Biosurfactant Production 99 5.6 Pretreatment of Raw Materials for the Production of Biosurfactants in Solid-state Fermentation 101 5.7 Physicochemical Factors of Solid-state Fermentation 103 5.8 Strategies for Scaling-up of Solid-state Fermentation for Biosurfactant Production 105 5.9 Conclusion 108 References 108 6 An Overview of Developments and Challenges in the Production of Biosurfactant by Fermentation Processes 117 F.G. Barbosa, M.J. Castro-Alonso, T.M. Rocha, S. Sánchez-Muñoz, G.L. de Arruda, M.C.A. Viana, C.A. Prado, P.R.F. Marcelino, J.C. Santos, and Silvio S. Da Silva 6.1 Introduction 117 6.2 Current Market and Potential Applications of Biosurfactants 118 6.3 Biosurfactant as a Sustainable Alternative: Factors Influencing its Production 118 6.3.1 Factors Involved in the Biosurfactant Production 119 6.4 Strategies and Main Challenges for Biosurfactant Production 122 6.4.1 Process Configurations as Strategies for Biosurfactant Production 123 6.4.2 Bioreactors Used in the Biosurfactants Production: Types, Advantages, and Disadvantages 125 6.4.3 Biosurfactant Separation Processes 128 6.5 Future Perspectives and Conclusion 132 References 132 7 Enzymatic Production of Biosurfactants 143 Ana Karine F. de Carvalho, Heitor B.S. Bento, Felipe R. Carlos, Vitor B. Hidalgo, Cintia M. Romero, Bruno C. Gambarato, and Patrícia C.M. Da Rós 7.1 Introduction 143 7.2 What are the Biosurfactants Produced Enzymatically? Esterification Reactions of Sugars and Fatty Acids Catalyzed by Enzymes 144 7.2.1 Esterification Reactions of Sugars and Fatty Acids Catalyzed by Enzymes 144 7.3 Enzymes and Methods for Biosurfactant Production: Bioreactors and Ways of Conducting Enzymatic Processes 145 7.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Enzymatic Biosurfactant Production 148 7.5 Potential Use of Enzymes for the Production of Biosurfactants 149 7.6 Production of Biosurfactants by the Enzymatic Route in Biorefineries: Demand for More Modern Production Processes 150 7.7 Conclusion 153 References 153 8 Co-production of Biosurfactants and Other Bioproducts in Biorefineries 157 Martha Inés Vélez-Mercado, Carlos Antonio Espinosa-Lavenant, Juan Gerardo Flores-Iga, Fernando Hernández Teran, María de Lourdes Froto Madariaga, and Nagamani Balagurusamy 8.1 Introduction 157 8.2 Microbial Surfactant Production 158 8.3 Co-production of Biosurfactants in a Biorefinery 160 8.3.1 Co-production of Biosurfactants and Polyhydroxyalkanoates 161 8.3.2 Co-production of Biosurfactants and Enzymes 162 8.3.3 Co-production of Biosurfactants and Lipids 164 8.3.4 Co-production of Biosurfactants and Ethanol 165 8.4 Conclusions 166 References 166 9 Biosurfactants in Nanotechnology: Recent Advances and Applications 173 Avinash P. Ingle, Shreshtha Saxena, Mangesh Moharil, Mahendra Rai, and Silvio S. Da Silva 9.1 Introduction 173 9.2 Biosurfactants and their Types 174 9.2.1 Glycolipid Biosurfactants 174 9.2.2 Rhamnolipids 174 9.2.3 Trehalolipids 175 9.2.4 Sophorolipids 175 9.2.5 Mannosylerythritol Lipids 175 9.2.6 Lipopeptide Biosurfactants 175 9.2.7 Phospholipid Biosurfactants 176 9.2.8 Polymeric Biosurfactants 176 9.3 Properties of Biosurfactants 178 9.3.1 Surface and Interface Activity 178 9.3.2 Efficiency 179 9.3.3 Foaming Capacity 179 9.3.4 Emulsification/Emulsion Forming and Emulsion Breaking 179 9.3.5 Tolerance for Temperature and pH Tolerance 180 9.3.6 Low Toxicity 180 9.3.7 Biodegradability 180 9.4 Conventional Methods for Biosurfactant Production 180 9.5 Commercial Applications of Biosurfactants 182 9.5.1 Application of Biosurfactants in Agriculture 182 9.5.2 Application of Biosurfactants in Nanotechnology 183 9.5.3 Applications of Biosurfactants in Commercial Laundry Detergents 184 9.5.4 Application of Biosurfactants in Medicine 184 9.5.5 Application of Biosurfactants in the Food Processing Industry 185 9.5.6 Application of Biosurfactants in the Cosmetic Industry 185 9.5.7 Application of Biosurfactants in Petroleum 185 9.5.8 Application of Biosurfactant in Microbial-enhanced Oil Recovery 186 9.6 Biosurfactants in Nanotechnology (Biosurfactant Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles) 186 9.6.1 Glycolipids Biosurfactants Produced Nanoparticles 186 9.6.2 Lipopeptides Biosurfactants Produced Nanoparticles 187 9.7 Conclusions 188 References 188 10 Interaction of Glycolipid Biosurfactants with Model Membranes and Proteins 195 Francisco J. Aranda, Antonio Ortiz, and José A. Teruel 10.1 Introduction 195 10.2 Interaction of Glycolipid Biosurfactants with Model Membranes 196 10.2.1 Rhamnolipids 197 10.2.2 Trehalose Lipids 206 10.2.3 Other Glycolipids 209 10.3 Interaction of Glycolipid Biosurfactants with Proteins 211 10.3.1 Rhamnolipids 211 10.3.2 Trehalose Lipids 211 10.3.3 Mannosylerythritol Lipids 212 10.4 Conclusions 212 References 213 11 Biosurfactants: Properties and Current Therapeutic Applications 221 Cristiani Baldo, Maria Ines Rezende, and Fabiana Guillen Moreira Gasparin 11.1 Production of Microbial Biosurfactants 221 11.2 Anti-tumoral Activity of Biosurfactants 223 11.3 Anti-inflammatory Activity of Biosurfactants 226 11.4 Anti-microbial Activity of Biosurfactant 228 11.4.1 Biosurfactants as Anti-bacterial Agents 229 11.4.2 Biosurfactants as Anti-viral Agents 231 11.4.3 Biosurfactants as Anti-fungal Agents 232 11.5 Other Therapeutic Applications of Biosurfactants 233 11.6 Concluding Remarks 234 References 234 12 Fungal Biosurfactants: Applications in Agriculture and Environmental Bioremediation Processes 243 Láuren Machado Drumond de Souza, Débora Luiza Costa Barreto, Lívia da Costa Coelho, Elisa Amorim Amâncio Teixeira, Vívian Nicolau Gonçalves, Júlia de Paula Muzetti Ribeiro, Natana Gontijo Rabelo, Stephanie Evelinde Oliveira Alves, Mayanne Karla da Silva, Laura Beatriz Miranda Martins, Charles Lowell Cantrell, Stephen Oscar Duke, and Luiz Henrique Rosa 12.1 Biosurfactants as Agrochemicals 243 12.1.1 Biosurfactants as Herbicide Adjuvants 244 12.1.2 Biosurfactants and Antifungal Activity 245 12.1.3 Biosurfactants as Insecticidal Adjuvants 246 12.2 Insecticidal Biosurfactants for Use against Disease Vector Insects 246 12.3 Fungal Biosurfactants in Bioremediation Processes 248 References 249 13 New Formulations Based on Biosurfactants and Their Potential Applications 255 Maria Jose Castro-Alonso, Fernanda G. Barbosa, Thiago A. Vieira, Diana A. Sanchez, Monica C. Santos, Thércia R. Balbino, Salvador S. Muñoz, and Talita M. Lacerda 13.1 Introduction 255 13.2 General Chemical and Biochemical Aspects 258 13.3 Downstream Processing 259 13.4 Biosurfactants in Cosmetics and Personal Care 259 13.5 Biosurfactants in Medicine and Pharmaceutics 261 13.6 Biosurfactants in Food and Feed 262 13.7 Biosurfactants in Pesticides, Insecticides, and Herbicide Formulations 264 13.8 Biosurfactants in Civil Engineering 265 13.9 Miscellaneous 266 13.9.1 Detergent Formulations 266 13.9.2 Bioremediation Purposes 267 13.9.3 Nanoparticle Synthesis 267 13.9.4 Polymer Synthesis 268 13.10 Overview of the Biosurfactant Market 268 13.11 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 270 References 270 14 Techno-economic-environmental Analysis of the Production of Biosurfactants in the Context of Biorefineries 281 Andreza Aparecida Longati, Andrew Milli Elias, Felipe Fernando, Furlan Everson Alves Miranda, and Roberto de Campos Giordano 14.1 Introduction 281 14.1.1 Background 281 14.1.2 Surfactant Versus Biosurfactant 282 14.1.3 Biosurfactant Market, Producers, and Patents 282 14.1.4 Biosurfactant Production Routes 283 14.2 Economic Aspects of the BS Production 286 14.3 Environmental Aspects 288 14.4 Biosurfactant Production Synergies in the Brazilian Biorefineries Context 290 14.5 Conclusion 293 References 294 Index 301