This book is related to the study of historical processes and transformations within peasant societies that occurred during recent Prehistory in the Spanish Northern Plateau. The work is focused on the Chalcolithic (3000-1900 cal BC) which remains poorly understood in the area of the Arlanzon river valley because of its problematic archaeological record. The large amount of data collected over the last 30 years has led to new theoretical approach and research methodologies to explore the archaeological record. The recent finds have also generated discussion in historical terms of the material evidence.