In recent years, a major effort has been made to comprehend DNA repair pathways at the cellular level. Simultaneously, definitive information regarding human diseases has emerged. A combination of the fundamental research of the processes of DNA repair with clinical practices has led to the placement of the action of DNA repair pathways firmly in the context of the complete organism. Combinative approaches like these lead to a better comprehension of the disease mechanisms and are highly significant for the improvement of diagnostics and prevention, and for envisaging better therapies. This book brings to the foreground the key role DNA repair plays in human health and well-being. The chapters present within this book consist of a comprehensive characterization of DNA repair pathways, and also include an inquiry into the major corpus of evidence relating DNA damage repair with human health. This book will be of significance to a wide range of readers interested in the relationship between DNA repair and human health.