Cardiovascular disease refers to the class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels. While the term technically refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system, it is usually used to refer to those related to atherosclerosis. Chronic heart failure (CHF) has emerged as a major world-wide epidemic. This book gathers the latest research in cardiovascular disease with a focus on such topics as hemodynamic examination using echocardiography in critical care; transesophageal echocardiography during the implantation of core valve percutaneous aortic prosthesis; left atrial radio frequency ablation with mitral aortic valve surgery; intraoperative defibrillation threshold testing; and the pathogenesis and future treatments of chronic cardiac rejection.