This text provides a state of the art overview of tools for guiding surgeons in the modern operating room. The text explains how many modalities in the current armamentarium of radiologic imaging have been brought to the operating room for real time use. It also explains the current use of near infrared, fluorescent, and chemo-luminescent imaging to guide minimally invasive and open surgery to improve outcome. The book is separated into two sections. The first, discusses the biologic principles that underlie novel visualization of normal organs and pathology. The currently available equipment and equipment anticipated in the near future is covered. The second section summarizes current clinical applications of advanced imaging and visualization in the OR. Novel means of visualizing normal anatomic structures such as nerves, bile duct, and vessels that enhance safety of many operations are covered. Novel biologic imaging using radio-labeled and fluorescent-labeled molecular probes that allow identification of inflammation, vascular abnormalities, and cancer are also discussed. Authored by scientists who pioneer research in optics and radiology, tool makers who use this knowledge to make surgical equipment, and surgeons who innovate the field of surgery using these new operative tools, Imaging and Visualization in the Modern Operating Room is a valuable guide for surgeons, residents and fellows entering the field.