Macbeth: Wordsworth Collection

Cedric Watts Autor William Shakespeare Editat de Keith Carabine

en Limba Engleză Paperback – 30 apr 1992

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Independent Publisher Book Awards (2009)

Shakespeare's Macbeth is one of the greatest tragic dramas the world has known. Macbeth himself, a brave warrior, is fatally impelled by supernatural forces, by his proud wife, and by his own burgeoning ambition. As he embarks on his murderous course to gain and retain the crown of Scotland, we see the appalling emotional and psychological effects on both Lady Macbeth and himself. The cruel ironies of their destiny are conveyed in poetry of unsurpassed power. In the theatre, this tragedy remains perennially engrossing. This volume is part of the new Wordsworth Classics' Shakespeare Series, in which each text has been freshly edited by Professor Cedric Watts.

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Specificații

ISBN-13: 9781853260353
ISBN-10: 1853260355
Pagini: 128
Dimensiuni: 127 x 198 x 7 mm
Greutate: 0.07 kg
Ediția:Adnotată
Editura: Wordsworth Editions
Seria Wordsworth Collection

Locul publicării:Ware, United Kingdom

Textul de pe ultima copertă

'Macbeth' is a tragedy, one of eleven that Shakespeare wrote. Like other tragedies, this one centers on a prominent person who after a significant struggle, suffers defeat. In this defeat the person achieves heroic stature. 'Macbeth' has been a favorite of readers, theatre-goers, and actors for almost four hundred years and is considered one of the best of Shakespeare's plays.

Descriere

In its concentration of interest upon the protagonists, Macbeth can be seen as Shakespeare's experiment in unity of focus, whose chief appeal arises from the struggles of the central characters with each other and with the infernal powers that inspire or govern them. Over the centuries, the vision of directors like Welles, Nunn and Polanski, as well as the eloquent talents of actors like Garrick, Siddons, Olivier and McKellen have contributed to the central debate of the play: Who or what is culpable? Bernice W. Kliman, in her analysis of Macbeth in performance, examines major productions of the play on both stage and screen, thereby inviting the reader to contemplate directors' and actors' choices for what is arguably Shakespeare's most compelling play.

Notă biografică

William Shakespeare (bapt. 26 April 1564 - 23 April 1616) was an English playwright, poet, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's greatest dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright. They also continue to be studied and reinterpreted. Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children: Susanna and twins Hamnet and Judith. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part-owner of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Men. At age 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about such matters as his physical appearance, his sexuality, his religious beliefs, and whether the works attributed to him were written by others. Shakespeare produced most of his known works between 1589 and 1613.His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as some of the best work produced in these genres. Until about 1608, he wrote mainly tragedies, among them Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth, all considered to be among the finest works in the English language. In the last phase of his life, he wrote tragicomedies (also known as romances) and collaborated with other playwrights. Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of varying quality and accuracy in his lifetime. However, in 1623, two fellow actors and friends of Shakespeare's, John Heminges and Henry Condell, published a more definitive text known as the First Folio, a posthumous collected edition of Shakespeare's dramatic works that included all but two of his plays. The volume was prefaced with a poem by Ben Jonson, in which Jonson presciently hails Shakespeare in a now-famous quote as "not of an age, but for all time".

Recenzii

“The polymathic scholar and translator Burton Raffel not only elucidates baffling terms but offers guidance on the prosody and declamation of Shakespeare’s lines, often to subtle effect, which will be useful to actors as well as readers.”—Eric Ormsby, New York Sun

Selected for Association of American University Presses (AAUP) Books for Public and Secondary School Libraries, 2006

Selected as a 2005 outstanding book by University Press Books for Public and Secondary School Libraries

Featured by American Library Association among “Best of the Best from the University Presses: Books you should know about”

Extras

Dramatis Personae

DUNCAN, King of Scotland
MALCOLM his sons
DONALBAIN

MACBETH, Thane of Glamis, later of Cawdor, later
King of Scotland
LADY MACBETH

BANQUO, a thane of Scotland
FLEANCE, his son
MACDUFF, Thane of Fife
LADY MACDUFF
SON of Macduff and Lady Macduff

LENNEX
ROSS
MENTEITH thanes and noblemen of Scotland
ANGUS
CAITHNESS

SIWARD, Earl of Northumberland
YOUNG SIWARD, his son
SEYTON, an officer attending Macbeth
Another LORD
ENGLISH DOCTOR
SCOTTISH DOCTOR
GENTLEWOMAN attending Lady Macbeth
CAPTAIN serving Duncan
PORTER
OLD MAN
Three MURDERERS of Banquo
First MURDERERS at Macduff's castle
MESSENGER to Lady Macbeth
MESSENGER to Lady Macduff
SERVENT to Macbeth
SERVENT to Lady Macbeth
Three WITCHES or WEIRD SISTERS
HECATE
Three APPARITIONS

Lords, Gentlemen, Officers, Soldiers, Murderers,
and Attendants

SCENE: Scotland; England

Location: An open place.
hurlyburly tumult
Grimalkin i.e., gray cat, name of the witch's familiar—a demon or evil spirit supposed to answer a witch's call and to allow him or her to perform black magic.
Paddock toad; also a familiar
Anon At once, right away.

1.2 Location: A camp near Forres.
0.1 Alarum trumpet call to arms

1.1 * Thunder and lightning. Enter three Witches.

FIRST WITCH
When shall we three meet again?
In thunder, lightning, or in rain?

SECOND WITCH
When the hurlyburly's done,
When the battle's lost and won.

THIRD WITCH
That will be ere the set of sun.
first witch
Where the place?
second witch Upon the heath.
third witch
There to meet with Macbeth.

FIRST WITCH I come, Grimalkin!

SECOND WITCH Paddock calls.

THIRD WITCH Anon.

ALL
Fair is foul, and foul is fair.
Hover through the fog and filthy air. Exeunt.
1.2 * Alarum within. Enter King [Duncan], Malcolm, Donalbain, Lennox, with attendants, meeting a
bleeding Captain.

DUNCAN
What bloody man is that? He can report,
As seemeth by his plight, of the revolt

newest state latest news.   sergeant i.e., staff officer. (There may be no inconsistency with his rank of "captain" in the stage direction and speech prefixes in the Folio.)
broil battle spent tired out choke their art render their skill in swimming useless.
The merciless . . . supplied The merciless Macdonwald—worthy of the hated name of rebel, for in the cause of rebellion an ever-increasing number of villainous persons and unnatural qualities swarm about him like vermin—is joined by light-armed Irish footsoldiers and ax-armed horsemen from the western islands of Scotland (the Hebrides and perhaps Ireland)
And Fortune . . . whore i.e., Fortune, proverbially a false strumpet, smiles at first on Macdonwald's damned rebellion but deserts him in his hour of need.
well . . . name well he deserves a name that is synonymous with "brave"
minion darling. (Macbeth is Valor's darling, not Fortune's.)
the slave i.e., Macdonwald
Which . . . to him i.e., Macbeth paused for no ceremonious greeting or farewell to Macdonwald.
nave navel.   chops jaws
cousin kinsman
As . . . swells Just as terrible storms at sea arise out of the east, from the place where the sun first shows itself in the seeming comfort of the dawn, even thus did a new military threat come on the heels of the seeming good news of Macdonwald's execution.
skipping (1) lightly armed, quick at maneuvering (2) skittish
surveying vantage seeing an opportunity

The newest state.

MALCOLM This is the sergeant
Who like a good and hardy soldier fought
'Gainst my captivity.—Hail, brave friend!
Say to the King the knowledge of the broil
As thou didst leave it.

CAPTAIN Doubtful it stood,
As two spent swimmers that do cling together
And choke their art. The merciless Macdonwald—
Worthy to be a rebel, for to that
The multiplying villainies of nature
Do swarm upon him—from the Western Isles
Of kerns and gallowglasses is supplied;
And Fortune, on his damned quarrel smiling,
Showed like a rebel's whore. But all's too weak;
For brave Macbeth—well he deserves that name—
Disdaining Fortune, with his brandished steel,
Which smoked with bloody execution,
Like valor's minion carved out his passage
Till he faced the slave,
Which ne'er shook hands nor bade farewell to him
Till he unseamed him from the nave to th' chops,
And fixed his head upon our battlements.

DUNCAN
Oh, valiant cousin, worthy gentleman!

CAPTAIN
As whence the sun 'gins his reflection
Shipwrecking storms and direful thunders break,
So from that spring whence comfort seemed to come
Discomfort swells. Mark, King of Scotland, mark.
No sooner justice had, with valor armed,
Compelled these skipping kerns to trust their heels
But the Norweyan lord, surveying vantage,
With furbished arms and new supplies of men,
Began a fresh assault.

Yes . . . eagles Yes, about as much as sparrows terrify eagles. (Said ironically.)
say sooth tell the truth cracks charges of explosive
Except Unless memorize make memorable or famous.   Golgotha "place of a skull," where Christ was crucified. (Mark 15:22.)
Thane Scottish title of honor, roughly equivalent to "Earl"
seems to seems about to flout mock, insult fan . . . cold fan cold fear into our troops.
Norway The King of Norway.   terrible numbers terrifying numbers of troops dismal ominous
Till . . . proof i.e., until Macbeth, clad in well-tested armor. (Bellona was the Roman goddess of war.)
him i.e., the King of Norway.   self-comparisons i.e., matching counterthrusts

DUNCAN
Dismayed not this our captains, Macbeth and Banquo?

CAPTAIN
Yes, as sparrows eagles, or the hare the lion.
If I say sooth, I must report they were
As cannons overcharged with double cracks,
So they doubly redoubled strokes upon the foe.
Except they meant to bathe in reeking wounds
Or memorize another Golgotha,
I cannot tell.
But I am faint. My gashes cry for help.

DUNCAN
So well thy words become thee as thy wounds;
They smack of honor both.—Go get him surgeons.
[Exit Captain, attended.]
Enter Ross and Angus.
Who comes here?

MALCOLM The worthy Thane of Ross.

LENNEX What a haste looks through his eyes!
So should he look that seems to speak things strange.

ROSS God save the King!

DUNCAN Whence cam'st thou, worthy thane?

ROSS From Fife, great King,
Where the Norweyan banners flout the sky
And fan our people cold.
Norway himself, with terrible numbers,
Assisted by that most disloyal traitor,
The Thane of Cawdor, began a dismal conflict,
Till that Bellona's bridegroom, lapped in proof,
Confronted him with self-comparisons,
Point against point, rebellious arm 'gainst arm,
Curbing his lavish spirit; and to conclude,
The victory fell on us.

Norways' Norwegians'.   composition agreement, treaty of peace
Saint Colme's Inch Inchcolm, the Isle of St. Columba in the Firth of Forth dollars Spanish or Dutch coins
Our (The royal "we.")   bosom close and intimate.   present immediate

Location: A heath near Forres.
Aroint thee Begone.   rump-fed runnion fat-rumped baggage
Tiger (A ship's name.)
like . . . do (Suggestive of the witches' deformity and sexual insatiability. Witches were thought to seduce men sexually. Do means [1] act [2] perform sexually.)

DUNCAN Great happiness!

ROSS That now
Sweno, the Norways' king, craves composition;
Nor would we deign him burial of his men
Till he disbursed at Saint Colme's Inch
Ten thousand dollars to our general use.

DUNCAN
No more that Thane of Cawdor shall deceive
Our bosom interest. Go pronounce his present death,
And with his former title greet Macbeth.
ROSS I'll see it done.

DUNCAN
What he hath lost noble Macbeth hath won.
Exeunt.
1.3 * Thunder. Enter the three Witches.

FIRST WITCH Where hast thou been, sister?

SECOND WITCH Killing swine.

THIRD WITCH Sister, where thou?

FIRST WITCH
A sailor's wife had chestnuts in her lap,
And munched, and munched, and munched. "Give me," quoth I.
"Aroint thee, witch!" the rump-fed runnion cries.
Her husband's to Aleppo gone, master o'th' Tiger;
But in a sieve I'll thither sail,
And like a rat without a tail
I'll do, I'll do, and I'll do.

SECOND WITCH
I'll give thee a wind.

FIRST WITCH
Thou'rt kind.

I . . . card I can summon all other winds, wherever they blow and from whatever quarter in the shipman's compass card.

I'll . . . hay (With a suggestion of sexually draining the seaman's semen.)
penthouse lid i.e., eyelid (which projects out over the eye like a penthouse or slope-roofed structure). forbid accursed. sev'nnights weeks peak grow peaked or thin
Weird Sisters women connected with fate or destiny; also women having a mysterious or unearthly, uncanny appearance
Posters of swift travelers over

THIRD WITCH
And I another.

FIRST WITCH
I myself have all the other,
And the very ports they blow,
All the quarters that they know
I'th' shipman's card.
I'll drain him dry as hay.
Sleep shall neither night nor day
Hang upon his penthouse lid.
He shall live a man forbid.
Weary sev'nnights nine times nine
Shall he dwindle, peak, and pine.
Though his bark cannot be lost,
Yet it shall be tempest-tossed.
Look what I have.

SECOND WITCH Show me, show me.

FIRST WITCH
Here I have a pilot's thumb,
Wrecked as homeward he did come. Drum within.

THIRD WITCH
A drum, a drum!
Macbeth doth come.
all [dancing in a circle]
The Weird Sisters, hand in hand,
Posters of the sea and land,
Thus do go about, about,
Thrice to thine, and thrice to mine,
And thrice again, to make up nine.
Peace! The charm's wound up.
Enter Macbeth and Banquo.
macbeth
So foul and fair a day I have not seen.
is't called is it said to be choppy chapped
fantastical creatures of fantasy or imagination
show appear.
grace honor
rapt withal entranced.
beg . . . hate beg your favors nor fear your hate.

BANQUO
How far is't called to Forres?—What are these,
So withered and so wild in their attire,
That look not like th'inhabitants o'th'earth
And yet are on't?—Live you? Or are you aught
That man may question? You seem to understand me
By each at once her choppy finger laying
Upon her skinny lips. You should be women,
And yet your beards forbid me to interpret
That you are so.

MACBETH Speak, if you can. What are you?

FIRST WITCH
All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Glamis!

SECOND WITCH
All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor!

THIRD WITCH
All hail, Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter!

BANQUO
Good sir, why do you start and seem to fear
Things that do sound so fair?—I'th' name of truth,
Are ye fantastical or that indeed
Which outwardly ye show? My noble partner
You greet with present grace and great prediction
Of noble having and of royal hope,
That he seems rapt withal. To me you speak not.
If you can look into the seeds of time
And say which grain will grow and which will not,
Speak then to me, who neither beg nor fear
Your favors nor your hate.

FIRST WITCH Hail!

SECOND WITCH Hail!

THIRD WITCH Hail!

FIRST WITCH
Lesser than Macbeth, and greater.

happy fortunate
get beget
imperfect cryptic
Sinel's (Sinel was Macbeth's father.)
Say . . . intelligence Say from what source you have this disturbing information
blasted blighted
corporal corporeal
on of.   insane root root causing insanity; variously identified

SECOND WITCH
Not so happy, yet much happier.

THIRD WITCH
Thou shalt get kings, though thou be none.

So all hail, Macbeth and Banquo!

FIRST WITCH
Banquo and Macbeth, all hail!

MACBETH
Stay, you imperfect speakers, tell me more!
By Sinel's death I know I am Thane of Glamis,
But how of Cawdor? The Thane of Cawdor lives
A prosperous gentleman; and to be king
Stands not within the prospect of belief,
No more than to be Cawdor. Say from whence
You owe this strange intelligence, or why
Upon this blasted heath you stop our way
With such prophetic greeting? Speak, I charge you.
Witches vanish.

BANQUO
The earth hath bubbles, as the water has,
And these are of them. Whither are they vanished?

MACBETH
Into the air; and what seemed corporal melted, 81
As breath into the wind. Would they had stayed!

BANQUO
Were such things here as we do speak about?
Or have we eaten on the insane root 84
That takes the reason prisoner?

MACBETH
Your children shall be kings.
banquo You shall be king.

MACBETH
And Thane of Cawdor too. Went it not so?

and when . . . his and when he reads of your extraordinary valor in fighting the rebels, he concludes that your wondrous deeds outdo any praise he could offer.
stout haughty, determined, valiant
Nothing not at all
As . . . with post As fast as could be told, i.e., counted, came messenger after messenger. (Unless the text should be amended to "As thick as hail.")
earnest token payment addition title
Who He who combined confederate line the rebel reinforce Macdonwald

BANQUO
To th' selfsame tune and words.—Who's here?
Enter Ross and Angus.

ROSS
The King hath happily received, Macbeth,
The news of thy success; and when he reads
Thy personal venture in the rebels' fight,
His wonders and his praises do contend
Which should be thine or his. Silenced with that,
In viewing o'er the rest o'th' selfsame day
He finds thee in the stout Norweyan ranks,
Nothing afeard of what thyself didst make,
Strange images of death. As thick as tale
Came post with post, and every one did bear
Thy praises in his kingdom's great defense,
And poured them down before him.

ANGUS
We are sent
To give thee from our royal master thanks,
Only to herald thee into his sight,
Not pay thee.

ROSS
And, for an earnest of a greater honor,
He bade me, from him, call thee Thane of Cawdor;
In which addition, hail, most worthy thane,
For it is thine.
BANQUO What, can the devil speak true?

MACBETH
The Thane of Cawdor lives. Why do you dress me
In borrowed robes?
ANGUS Who was the thane lives yet,
But under heavy judgment bears that life
Which he deserves to lose. Whether he was combined
With those of Norway, or did line the rebel
With hidden help and vantage, or that with both
in . . . wrack to bring about his country's ruin capital deserving death
The greatest is behind either (1) Two of the three prophecies (and thus the greatest number of them) have already been fulfilled, or (2) The greatest one, the kingship, is still to come. home all the way
In deepest consequence in the profoundly important sequel.
Cousins i.e., Fellow lords
swelling act stately drama
soliciting tempting unfix my hair make my hair stand on end
use custom.   fears things feared whose . . . fantastical in which the conception of murder is merely imaginary at this point single . . . man weak human condition function normal power of action.   surmise speculation, imaginings And . . . not and everything seems unreal.

Caracteristici

Lengthy illustrated introduction discusses key issues of theatrical and critical history, as well as authorship and the play's historical context

Cuprins

About the Series
About This Volume
List of Illustrations

Introduction

PART ONE: WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, MACBETH (EDITED BY DAVID BEVINGTON)

PART TWO: CULTURAL CONTEXTS

1. Representations of Macbeth
Early Narratives
John Major, From A History of Greater Britain
George Buchanan, From History of Scotland
Raphael Holinshed, From The Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland
The Cultural Afterlife of Shakespeare's Macbeth
Simon Forman, From Book of Plays
Thomas Middleton, From The Witch
From "The Story of Macbeth," in A Collection of Divers and Remarkable Stories
Sir William Davenant, From Macbeth, A Tragedy
Thomas Duffett, Epilogue to The Empress of Morocco

2. Discourses of Sovereignty
The Succession Controversy
R. Doleman [Robert Parsons], From A Conference about the Next Succession to the Crown of England
Henry Constable, From A Discovery of a Counterfeit Conference
Sir John Hayward, From An Answer to the First Part of a Certain Conference
From Succession Act
The Jacobean Theory of Kingship
King James I, From Basilikon Doron
King James I, From The True Law of Free Monarchies
King James I, From A Speech to the Lords and Commons of the Parliament at Whitehall
Sir Robert Filmer, From Patriarcha: Or the Natural Power of Kings
Royal Charisma and the King's Touch
William Tooker, From The Divine Power or Gift of Healing
William Clowes, From A Right Fruitful and Approved Treatise
John Howson, From A Sermon Preached at St. Mary's in Oxford, the 17. Day of November, 1602

3. Treason and Resistance
Resistance in Theory
John Ponet, From A Short Treatise of Politic Power
From An Homily against Disobedience and Willfull Rebellion
George Buchanan, From The Powers of the Crown in Scotland
Philippe du Plessis Mornay, From A Defense of Liberty against Tyrants
Resistance in Action
Nicolo Molin, Reports to the Doge and Senate
King James I, From A Speech to Parliament
Equivocation
Sir Edward Coke, From Speech at the Trial of Father Henry Garnet
Henry Garnet, From A Treatise of Equivocation
Robert Parsons, From A Treatise Tending to Mitigation towards Catholic Subjects in England

4. The Cultural Construction of Scotland
William Harrison, From The Description of Scotland
William Shakespeare, Henry V, Act I, Scene 2
Sir Thomas Craig, From A Treatise on the Union of the British Realms
Fynes Moryson, From An Itinerary
Sir Anthony Weldon, From A Perfect Description of the People and Country of Scotland
John Taylor, From The Penniless Pilgrimage, Or the Moneyless Perambulation

5. Witchcraft and Prophecy
Discourses of Witchcraft
Reginald Scot, From The Discovery of Witchcraft
George Gifford, From A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts
News from Scotland
King James I, From Daemonology, In Form of a Dialogue
An Act against Conjuration, Witchcraft, and Dealing with Evil and Wicked Spirits
Prophecy
From An Act against Fond and Fantastical Prophecies
Henry Howard, From A Defensative against the Poison of Supposed Prophecies
Reginald Scot, From The Discovery of Witchcraft
William Perkins, From A Discourse of the Damned Art of Witchcraft
Michel de Montaigne, From Of Prognostications
Francis Bacon, From Of Prophecies

6. Discources of the Feminine
Reginald Scot, From The Discovery of Witchcraft
Philip Barrough, From The Method of Physic
Edmund Jorden, From A Brief Discourse of a Disease Called the Suffocation of the Mother
John Sadler, From The Sick Woman's Private Looking-Glass
Helkiah Crooke,, From Microcosmographia: A Description of the Body of Man
Elizabeth Clinton, From The Countess of Lincoln's Nursery
James Guillimeau, From Childbirth, Or the Happy Delivery of Women

Bibliography

Index

ILLUSTRATIONS
1. Genealogy of the Kings of England and Scotland at the Time of the Play
2. The English Succession
3. The Scottish Succession
4. Genealogy og the Scottish Descent from Banquo by John Leslie
5. "Sergeant at Arms, Slain by Rebels," Woodcut from Raphael Holinshed's Cronicles, 1577
6. "Macdonwald Slayeth His Wife and Children, and Lastly Himself," Woodcut from Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles
7. "Macbeth, Banquo, and the Three Weird Sisters," Woodcut from Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles
8. "Macbeth Upsurpeth ther Crown, ," Woodcut from Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles
9. Genealogy of the Contemporary Scottish Decent by John Leslie
10. Genealogy of the English Decent by Robert Parsons
11. King James VI and I in 1605, Attributed to John de Critz the Elder
12. Page in James's Handwriting from the Manuscript of Basilikon Doron
13. Frontispiece to the Collected Works of King James, 1616
14. Frontispiece to Mischief's Murphy, John Vicar's 1617 Account of the Gunpowder Plot
15. Key Gunpowder Plot Conspirators and Their Fates, from a Dutch Engraving
16. England Buffeted by Enemies, from John Vicars's Mischief's Mystery
17. "The Execution of the Gunpowder Plot Conspirators," a Print by Nicholas de Visscher
18. Map of Scotland, from John Speed's The Theatre of the Empire of Greart Britain, 1611-12
19. "The True Picture of One Pict," from Thomas Hariot's A Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia,1590
20. "The True Pictures of a Woman Pict," from Thomas Hariot's A Brief and true Report of the New Found Land of Virginia
21. Incidents from News from Scotland, 1591
22. James Interrogated the Witches, Woodcut from News from Scotland
23. Scenes from Doctor Fian's Life, Woodcut from News from Scotland
24. "Cure" for Womb Disease, from Helkiah Crooke's Microcosmographia, 1615
25. Frontipiece to John John Sandler, The Sick Woman's Private Looking Glass, 1636
26. Title Page to Helkiah Crooke's Microcosmographia
27. Female Reproductive Organs, From Jacob Rueff's The Expert Midwife, 1637

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