There is an important increase in the use of devices that allow adequate control of patients who are treated in resuscitation units after surgical procedures. In this book a description is made. We carried out a description and analysis of the main indications for use in different scenarios. This includes an analysis of the rationale for the use of noninvasive ventilation in anesthesiology and perioperative medicine, noninvasive mechanical ventilation and work of breathing pattern using different interfaces, and perioperative medicine. We include equipment and interface analysis and application of lung ultrasound in noninvasive ventilation. Along these lines, we clarify the role of noninvasive ventilation in anesthesiology and perioperative noninvasive ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), preoxygenation in cardiac and liver transplants and anesthesiology procedures (non-intubated video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery). Finally, we conclude this book with key recommendations about noninvasive ventilation in the post-anesthesia care unit of a health care organization. We believe that this book consolidates a scientific reference for the adequate indication of noninvasive ventilation in anesthesiology and perioperative medicine.